If a youth experiences physical abuse, which type of strain did the youth experience
according to general strain theory?
a. achievement of positively valued goals
b. disjunction of expectations and achievements
c. removal of positively valued stimuli
d. presentation of negative stimuli
Commercial sexual transactions contain which condition?
a. economic transaction
b. emotional concern
c. activity that has sexual significance for the prostitute
d. Commercial sexual transactions contain all these conditions.
Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices
could be controlled by:
a. fear of punishment
b. improving economic conditions
c. selective incapacitation
d. situational crime prevention
Which of the following sets of factors would not predict chronic offending?
a. parental supervision, average grades, school attendance
b. skipping school, lack of parental supervision, stealing pattern of behavior
c. poor grades, parental drug involvement, runaway pattern of behavior
d. family discord, documented child abuse, gang affiliation
_____ are amateur fences who barter stolen goods for services.
a. Assistant fences
b. Associational fences
c. Amateur fences
d. Opportunity fences
An estimated ____ of cocaine entering the United States transits Mexico.
a. 20%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
______ use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace
the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views.
a. freedom fighters
b. revolutionary terrorists
c. guerrillas
d. insurgents
A white-collar ____ involves the criminal activity of people who use a business
proposition to fraudulently trick others out of their money.
a. fraud
b. embezzlement
c. swindle
d. transition
Tom Delay was forced out of politics by his involvement in a bribery scandal involving
Washington, D.C. lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Representative Randy “Duke” Cunningham
resigned from Congress after confessing to accepting $2.4 million in bribes. Former
Illinois Governor George Ryan was convicted of steering government contracts to
people willing to give him kickbacks and bribes. All three of these men committed the
white-collar crime of:
a. restraint of trade
b. influence peddling
c. professional chiseling
d. embezzlement
According to Willem Bonger, crimes are considered antisocial acts because they are
harmful to:
a. the general consensus.
b. the working class.
c. the ruling class.
d. all classes.
Part I crimes are also referred to as ___ and include: murder, forcible rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and ___.
a. indices, embezzlement
b. indices, arson
c. index crimes, arson
d. index crimes, embezzlement
When people defend themselves against criminal charges, they must refute one or
more of the ______ of the crimes of which they have been accused.
a. pieces of evidence
b. facts
c. elements
d. justifications
___________ refers to research that is conducted on the links between different types of
crime and criminals.
a. Critical theory
b. Crime typologies
c. Crime patterns
d. Legal studies
How many of the 50,000 cargo containers that enter the country on a daily basis are
screened?
a. about 40 percent
b. about 25 percent
c. about 10 percent
d. less than 5 percent
One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____, which brings about a
reassessment of one’s self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by
others, such as parents.
a. reflected assessments
b. reflected appraisals
c. reflected reactions
d. reflected associations
Income tax evasion is a type of client fraud. Not paying taxes, is an example of:
a. affirmative tax evasion
b. authoritative neglect
c. inert evasion
d. passive neglect
The general theory of crime identifies five life domains that shape how an individual
reacts to constraints and motivations. Which of these is not a life domain?
a. self
b. religion
c. family
d. school
Professional thieves who steal high-priced items usually get about ____ percent of the
wholesale price.
a. 10 to 20
b. 5-15
c. 30-50
d. 50-70
Amateur criminals whose decisions to steal are spontaneous and whose acts are
unskilled, unplanned, and haphazard are known as:
a. professional criminals
b. situational criminals
c. snitches
d. occasional criminals
Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal
justice system to advance their economic and social positions. Criminal laws are viewed
as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.
a. conflict
b. consensus
c. interactionist
d. common
Which case restricted the sale of pornography within acceptable boundaries, permitted a
zoning ordinance that restricted theatres showing erotic movies to one area of the city,
even though it did not find that any of the movies shown were obscene?
a. Pope v. Illinois
b. Miller v. California
c. Young v. American Mini Theaters
d. Roth v. United States
According to Messerschmidt, men commit more crime than females because of ___,
which argues that men control women both economically and biologically.
a. feminist stance
b. double marginality
c. dual discrimination
d. double control
About ____ people are victims of workplace violence a year.
a. 1.7 million
b. 1 million
c. 500,000
d. 3 million
This crime occurs when individuals make securities recommendations and fail to
disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions:
a. illegal touting
b. fraudulent offerings
c. market manipulation
d. deceptive priming
Studies pertaining to the psychological view of the cause of substance abuse have found
that many addicts exhibit psychopathic or sociopathic behavior characteristics, forming
what is called a/an:
a. dependence-impaired personality
b. turmoil-prone personality
c. addiction-prone personality
d. cognitive-impaired personality
Congress has treated computer-related crime as a distinct federal offense since the
passage of what legislation?
a. the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act in 1996
b. the Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Law in 1984
c. the Crime Identification Technology Act in 1998
d. the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act in 1998
Which of the following involves obtaining sexual pleasure from spying on a stranger
while he or she disrobes or engages in sexual behavior with another?
a. voyeurism
b. asphyxiophilia
c. frotteurism
d. sadomasochism
Which is not an element of the social bond?
a. achievement
b. containment
c. commitment
d. involvement
When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either
threatens or encourages the attacker it is known as:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
The use of secret prisons to detain terror suspects without trial and the use of illegal
interrogations to obtain confessions are examples of what type of state political crime?
a. human rights violations
b. state violence
c. state-corporate crime
d. political corruption
Cyber terrorism is a handy battlefield for terrorists because it can strike directly at what
target that bombs will not affect?
a. the economy of an enemy
b. the defense infrastructure of an enemy
c. the hearts and minds of the citizens of an enemy
d. the energy infrastructure of an enemy
Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological
and genetic conditions affect:
a. how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood
b. how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception
c. how social behaviors are learned and perceived (CO 1, p. 131)
d. how social behaviors are transmitted
What is the difference between a Trojan horse and a virus?
a. Trojan horses are benign applications.
b. Trojan horses do not replicate themselves.
c. Trojan horses are not as destructive.
d. Trojan horses can penetrate firewalls.
Juveniles comprise approximately fifteen percent of all people arrested for arson
annually.
According to Robert Agnew,_________ _________ theory states that individuals who
feel stress and strain are more likely to commit crimes.
RICO only includes federal crimes.
Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as
psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the
psychopathic personality?
a. Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a father figure during
the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
b. Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a mother figure during
the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
c. Psychopaths are less likely to become chronic offenders than are non-psychopaths.
d. Psychopaths, as a rule, experience an inordinate number of abnormal fears.
According to neutralization theory, juvenile delinquents _________ between delinquent
behaviors and conforming behaviors.
What are some research findings that support the ideas of critical criminology?
According to Cohen, the “delinquent boy” adopts a set of norms in direct opposition to
middle-class values.
_________ is a crime that occurs when someone who is trusted with property
fraudulently converts it.
Males are more likely to socialize with deviant peers than are females and they are
more likely to be deeply influenced by these deviant peers. This finding explains how
_________ _________ may explain the gender difference in the crime rate.
Explain of the three components of Felson’s routine activities theory. Provide examples
of how each can affect crime.
Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of the environment.
Public order crimes are behaviors outlawed because they conflict with social policy,
prevailing moral rules, and current public opinion.
Placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their
lifetime opportunity to commit crime. This theory is known as the _________ .
The owners of the means of production are the ________ ________.
Hirschi offers that the social bond a person maintains with society is comprised of
four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an
instrument for controlling the elite members of society.