Which scheme involves telling victims that certain financial instruments have been
issued by legitimate organization and investments are high payoff and low risks?
a. investment embezzlement
b. advanced fee scheme
c. prime bank investment fraud
d. hedge fund fraud
Which of the following is not more typical of early-onset girls than early-onset boys?
a. suicide
b. depression
c. substance abuse
d. relationship problems
The perspective that views crime as the reflection of the preferences and opinions of
people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction is:
a. the consensus view
b. the conflict view
c. the interactionist view
d. the Marxist view
Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce
antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found that children who had
experienced birth complications and who then experienced ______ were more likely to
engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.
a. paternal rejection
b. maternal rejection
c. bullying at school
d. peer pressure
According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desire for immediate
gratification?
a. id
b. superego
c. ego
d. super id
__________ is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the
nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. Sociology
b. Criminal Justice
c. Criminology
d. Psychology
It has been argued that declining levels of what hormone cause the aging-out process?
a. estrogen
b. serotonin
c. testosterone
d. progesterone
Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance
of being victimized. Such places are termed:
a. hot targets
b. hot spots
c. suitable targets
d. chronic spots
Misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a victim to willingly give his or her property
to the wrongdoer, who then keeps it, is known as:
a. factual pretense
b. fraud
c. nave pretense
d. opportunistic pretense
In 2005 the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government can prosecute medical
marijuana patients even in states with compassionate use laws in which court case?
a. United States v. Booker
b. Plessy v. Furgeson
c. Gonzales v. Raich
d. Terry v. Ohio
Mass murder involves killing four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a
single event. These single, uncontrollable outbursts are also termed:
a. concurrent killings
b. outburst killings
c. spree killings
d. simultaneous killings
A number of factors can neutralize the general deterrent value of apprehension and
punishment. What factor is at work when offenders use poor judgment and rely on peer
information regarding local police effectiveness and arrest rates and listen to friends
brag about big scores and profitable drug deals?
a. misperception
b. greed
c. compulsion
d. rationality
The term prostitution derives from the Latin prostituere, which means:
a. “to do temple duty”
b. “to cause to stand in front of”
c. “to honor Aphrodite”
d. “to make temple payment”
Which type of murder refers to a killing that occurs when a person’s acts are negligent
and without regard for the harm they may cause others.
a. nonnegligent manslaughter
b. negligent manslaughter
c. first degree murder
d. second degree murder
According to Durkheim, _____ occurs in a society in which rules of behavior have
broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social
crisis, such as war or famine.
a. anomie
b. stratification
c. gentrification
d. transition
Those that reject the goals but retain the traditional means to retain the little they have
been able to achieve represent which type of adaptation?
a. conformists
b. innovators
c. ritualists
d. rebels
The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to
deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as:
a. the power pathway
b. the authority conflict pathway
c. the overt pathway
d. the covert pathway
__________ are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate
amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger
against society.
a. instrumental crimes
b. expressive crimes
c. index crimes
d. strict-liability crimes
Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called:
a. lumpen proletariat
b. capitalist proletariat
c. capitalist bourgeoisie
d. lumpen bourgeoisie
Intravenous drug use is closely associated with the threat of HIV. What do we know
about IV drug users and HIV?
a. About of adult HIV cases have occurred among IV drug users.
b. One-third of all IV drug users are HIV carriers.
c. Efforts to control drugs by outlawing over-the-counter sale of hypodermic needles
have encouraged needle sharing.
d. All these things are known about IV drug users and HIV.
When an effort to prevent one crime has the unintended consequences of preventing
other crimes, this is referred to as:
a. displacement effect.
b. diffusion of benefits.
c. situational crime prevention.
d. environmental crime prevention.
The “missing cases” phenomenon is a validity concern for which type of crime
measurement?
a. quasi-experimental research
b. the UCR
c. self-report studies
d. meta-analysis
Which of the following involves spying on potential or actual enemies?
a. espionage
b. treason
c. fraud
d. secret sharing
Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists:
a. Martin and Gordon
b. Winfree and Mays
c. Sutherland and Durkeim
d. McKay and Shaw
Rational choice theory is rooted in the _________ _________ of criminology
developed by Cesare Beccaria.
According to the consensus view, deviant behavior is illegal if it causes:
a. disparities.
b. social harm.
c. legal concerns.
d. conflict.
________ ________ argues that punishing an offender will prevent that offender from
committing the same crime again.
a. Specific deterrence
b. General deterrence
c. Punishment logic
d. Classical punishment
When pornography websites send consumers to other sites involuntarily, it is known in
the industry as:
a. tripping
b. mousetrapping
c. slagging
d. ping-ponging
Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is
inaccurate?
a. Lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
b. Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also
reported the highest levels of homicide.
c. Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial
behaviors.
d. The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.
Why do cyber crimes present a compelling challenge for the justice system and law
enforcement community?
a. Cyber crime is rapidly evolving.
b. Cyber crime is difficult to detect through traditional law enforcement channels.
c. Cyber crime demands that agents of the justice system develop technical skills
that match those of the perpetrators.
d. Cyber crime presents a compelling challenge for all these reasons.
Many causal paths lead to drug abuse. Identity and discuss these various causal paths.
_______ _________view criminal law and the criminal system as instruments for
controlling the poor, have-not members of society.
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), about 23 million
criminal victimizations occur each year.
The _________ develops as a result of incorporating moral standards and values within
the personality.
Edgework is the exhilarating, momentary integration of danger, risk, and skill that
motivates people to try a variety of dangerous criminal and non-criminal behavior.
Present and explain the five primary goals of political criminals.
In _________ _________ _________, Cohen and Felson concluded that the volume
and distribution of predatory crime are closely related to the interaction of three
variables that reflect the routine activities of the typical American lifestyle: the
availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of
motivated offenders.
Identify and explain the differences between the various types of prostitutes.
Rape has been a recognized crime throughout history. Explain the historical background
of rape.
Why is treason the only crime mentioned in the United States Constitution?
a. Because the legal codes of some colonies contained differing definitions of treason ”
the Constitutional definition provided uniformity.
b. Because the legal codes of some colonies did not contain the crime of treason.
c. Because American colonists feared giving their central government the amount of
power wielded by the English king.
d. These are all reasons why treason is the only crime mentioned in the United States
Constitution.
The _________ phenomenon is the process of creating transnational markets, politics,
and legal systems.
By the eighteenth century, three separate groups of property criminals were active:
skilled thieves, smugglers, and poachers.
Left realists argue that police should reduce their use of force, increase their sensitivity
to the public, and be more responsive to community needs.
The _________ _________ _________ establishes and maintains goals and standards
for U.S. water quality and purity.
Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate
_________ _________ .
While cyber crime has been pervasive and rapidly evolving, law enforcement agencies
at the federal, state, and local levels have managed to keep a step ahead of cyber
offenders.
_________ _________ involves a business owner burning his or her property, or hiring
someone to do it, to escape financial problems.
Official arrest records indicate that African Americans are arrested at a higher rate than
members of other racial groups. Self-report data:
a. exhibit the same finding
b. show no difference between arrest rates of African Americans and other racial
groups
c. indicate no difference between arrest rates but only if considering female arrests
d. suggest arrest rate differences are an artifact of justice system bias
In the 1970s, liberal feminist theory focused attention on the social and economic role
of women in society and its relationship to female crime rates.
The purpose of _______ _______ is to promote a peaceful and just society.