The availability of government and foundation research money has spurred
criminological inquiry and it has also influenced the _______ of research.
a. supervision
b. management
c. conducting
d. direction
Which technique of neutralization refers to youths denying that they are to blame for
their delinquent acts?
a. deny injury
b. condemn condemners
c. deny responsibility
d. withhold responsibility
Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime reduction
programs redirect offenders to alternative targets, it is termed:
a. temporary deterrence
b. crime displacement
c. crime shifting
d. temporary displacement
Referring to victims and their criminals, victims report that substance abuse is a factor
in how many violent crime incidents?
a. one-quarter
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
Skyrocketing drug use in the _____ created an excess of motivated offenders and the
rates of some crimes, such as robbery, increased dramatically.
a. 1960s
b. 1980s
c. 1990s
d. 2000s
Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?
a. Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law.
b. Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame
than their brothers.
c. Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than
have their brothers.
d. Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of
career success as heir brothers.
Why do women become prostitutes?
a. due to a long history of drug abuse
b. because they experienced physical and sexual abuse in childhood
c. due to a rational choice based upon economic need
d. for all these reasons
____ involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can
validate a theory.
a. Positivism
b. Classicalism
c. Utilitarianism
d. Deontology
Validity issues impact the UCR. Which of the following best portrays the validity
concern/s for this data collection method?
a. reporting practices
b. methodological problems
c. reporting practices and law enforcement practices
d. reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement
practices
________ violations involve encounters in which the grievant’s essential character have
been challenged.
a. Status-based
b. Crime
c. Personalistic
d. Market-related
The highest crime rate is found in which regions of the country?
a. north and south
b. south and west
c. east and south
d. west and north
Social ecologists know that people who report living in neighborhoods with high levels
of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting. Some residents become
so suspicious that they develop a(n) _____ in which the outside world is considered the
enemy out to destroy their neighborhood.
a. anomie mindset
b. culture conflict
c. focal attitude
d. siege mentality
Cultural deviance theory focuses on which of the following factors?
a. development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and strain
b. blocked opportunities for achieving status
c. poverty and unemployment
d. socialization processes inherent in the truly disadvantaged
Why are the elderly especially susceptible to fraud schemes?
a. The elderly are not especially susceptible; teens and young adults are as likely to fall
victim to fraud schemes.
b. Because the elderly generally live alone, are lonely, and possess financial resources
that make them attractive targets.
c. Because the elderly are often of lower economic status making them attractive
targets.
d. The elderly are not especially susceptible to fraud schemes because relatives or legal
guardians typically control their finances.
The relationship between class and crime is an important one for criminological theory.
The weight of recent evidence seems to suggest that serious, official crime is more
prevalent:
a. among the lower class
b. among the upper class
c. among the middle class
d. among both the middle and lower class
After the famous Minneapolis domestic violence study, other studies and analyses have
been conducted. Overall, what are the implications of these domestic violence studies?
a. These studies indicate that even if punishment can produce a short-term specific
deterrent effect, it fails to produce longer-term behavioral change.
b. These studies indicate that if offenders were released after arrest, no deterrent
effect was evidenced.
c. These studies indicate a strong positive effect for arrest but only if the offender
had no prior arrests for domestic violence.
d. These studies indicate that actual prosecution and subsequent probation
supervision or incarceration were stronger deterrents than arrest alone.
Affecting vote counts to bring about a desired election outcome, is an example of:
a. election fraud
b. voting fraud
c. vote tampering
d. election swaying
According to Routine Activities theory, if a person is intoxicated to the point where s/he
is disoriented and walking home alone, s/he may be viewed as a more ________ than a
person walking with a non-intoxicated person walking with a group.
a. suitable target
b. capable guardian
c. motivated offender
d. potential mark
Some refer to public order crimes as “victimless crimes” because participants are
willing and not actually harmed. Others claim there is no such thing as a victimless
crime. Who, then, should be considered the victim?
a. society as a whole
b. religious institutions
c. the justice system
d. the family
When an attacker does not want to harm his/her victim as much as s/he wants to possess
him/her sexually, it is known as:
a. anger rape
b. gang rape
c. serial rape
d. power rape
Individuals who fight for victims’ rights are called:
a. victim supporters
b. victim arguers
c. victim lawyers
d. victim advocates
According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily sellable objects such
as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as:
a. hot targets
b. hot spots
c. suitable targets
d. chronic spots
Statutory crimes are referred to as:
a. mala reus
b. mala prohibitum
c. actus reus
d. mens rea
Use of the word terrorism began in:
a. 1950
b. 1985
c. 1860
d. 1795
In 1977, Congress passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act that made it illegal to:
a. traffic women and children across country borders
b. bribe foreign officials
c. take kickbacks from foreigners
d. engage in price-fixing with foreign businesses
Which of the following actions would be considered healthcare fraud?
a. referring patients to other physicians in the same office
b. directing patients to particular pharmacies
c. referring patients to a clinic in which the physician has a financial interest
d. All of these would be considered healthcare fraud.
Institutional social control includes ____ while public social control includes ___.
a. schools, police
b. families, schools
c. schools, peers
d. police, churches
According to instrumental theorists, unmasking the true purpose of law and justice is
termed to:
a. destigmatize
b. discredit
c. dishonor
d. demystify
According to this motivational view, terrorists are not poor or lacking in education.
While terrorists may feel isolated from the rest of society, their tight bonds of family
and friendships encouraged them to join terror groups.
a. socialization/friendship view
b. alienation view
c. psychological view
d. ideological view
People in the United States live in what type of society?
a. subcultural
b. integrated
c. incomporated
d. stratified
Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are known as:
a. social connections
b. anti-social bonds
c. social capital
d. turning points
Which focal concern involves being independent of authority figures.
a. trouble
b. autonomy
c. excitement
d. smartness
Television violence increases the _________ _________ of viewers and makes them
more prone to act aggressively.
Gender differences can be traced to the development of private property and male
domination of the laws of inheritance, which led to a _______ ________of male control
over property and power.
Credit card fraud and income tax evasion are two types of _________ _________
_________.
State sponsored terrorists who are willing to kill or maim their fellow citizens are
unlikely to be deterred because of their unquestionable committed to their higher
authority.
Identify and describe the principles of Sutherland’s differential association theory.
According to the psychological view of substance abuse causation, people may turn to
drugs as a form of self-medication to relieve the emotional turmoil of adolescence or to
cope with traumatic life experiences.
Influence peddling occurs when individuals who hold important institutional positions
sell information to outsiders.
Identify and discuss Neil Shover’s characteristics of a “good burglar” and how novices
gain recognition as good burglars.
Due to the influence of victims’ rights advocates, every state now has a legal set of
victims’ rights in its codes of law. Identify the rights legally afforded victims within
these Victims’ Bills of Rights.
What constitutes treason? Include in your discussion traditional espionage, industrial
espionage, and foreign industrial espionage.
To deter people from committing more serious offenses, Beccaria believed punishment
should be as severe as possible regardless of the offense.
Trait theories can be divided into two major sub-divisions: one that stresses
psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.
Acts that are considered illegal because they threaten the general well-being of society
and challenge its social norms, customs, and values are termed _________ _________
_________.
Discuss the controversy over the association between intelligence and crime.
Shaw and McKay found that Zone 5, which is the commuter zone, had the highest
levels of social disorganization and crime.