Life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime are known as:
a. developmental shifts
b. transition events
c. key spots
d. turning points
While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serials murders are
considered rational killers because:
a. They tend to have higher than average IQs.
b. They pick their targets with care.
c. They elude arrest for months and, sometimes, years.
d. They are rarely, in actuality, psychologically disturbed.
Which type of deviance is the result of the criminal label?
a. primary
b. civil
c. delinquency
d. secondary
Because the concept of political crime is highly subjective, people who some label as
terrorists may be viewed by others as:
a. oppressors
b. freedom fighters
c. saviors
d. dissidents
Occasional property crimes occur when there is an opportunity or:
a. situational inducement
b. systematic inducement
c. enticing inducement
d. compelling inducement
Juveniles become professional thieves when:
a. adults teach them the trade
b. they first steal
c. get the opportunity to steal
d. learn to fence
According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime?
a. The criminal has developed a conscience as he/she matured.
b. The criminal has legitimate means to achieve financial success and does not need to
commit crime.
c. The criminal perceives the crime is too risky.
d. The criminal has learned that crime is only one of many solutions to their
personal problems.
Because cyber crime is essentially global, international cooperation is required for its
control. Which of the following reflects this fact?
a. the International Information Infrastructure Protection Act
b. the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act
c. the Convention on Cybercrime
d. the Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than
poverty during adolescence or adulthood. What percent of American children live in
poverty?
a. 5 percent
b. 19 percent
c. 36 percent
d. 45 percent
What percentage of students experience a crime at school in a given year?
a. 5 percent
b. 10 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 25 percent
According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is
wrong with criminals?
a. low levels of moral reasoning development
b. over-developed Ids
c. over-stimulation of mental capacities
d. all of the above
According to the social learning view of drug abuse, parental drug abuse begins to have
a damaging effect on children as young as ___ years old.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
Criminologists who devote their studies to how the system operates, how criminals are
treated, and how policies shape crimes rates and trends focus on:
a. theories.
b. justice.
c. police.
d. courts.
Which of the following refers to an act of disloyalty to one’s nation or state?
a. espionage
b. treason
c. fraud
d. secret sharing
The system of ____ in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political
affairs sustains female oppression at home and in the workplace.
a. equiarchy
b. oligarchy
c. matriarchy
d. patriarchy
The crimes included in RICO:
a. include state crimes only
b. include federal crimes only
c. include both state and federal crimes
d. include civil liabilities
Compliance strategies are often viewed as ‘slaps on the wrists.” In their place,
deterrence strategies have become the normative approach to controlling white-collar
offenders. Why is the tide turning from compliance to deterrence?
a. due to the crushing caseloads of compliance agencies such as the Food and Drug
Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency
b. due to the increased number of prisons structured to house non-violent offenders
c. due to public displeasure and a growing awareness of the damage caused by
white-collar criminals
d. due to pressure aimed at political officials from lobbyists and labor unions
One’s chances of victimization are reduced by:
a. staying single
b. spending more time with family
c. moving to the city
d. being out and about after 10 p.m.
Programs and policies based on developmental theory typically feature _____ treatment
efforts.
a. economic-related
b. singular-focused
c. faith-based
d. multi-systemic
The fact that caller ID features have significantly reduced the number of obscene phone
calls is an example of what technique of situational crime prevention?
a. reducing rewards
b. removing excuses
c. increasing shame
d. increasing risks
According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct
physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?
a. endomorph
b. mesomorph
c. ectomorph
d. mendomorph
While the “emancipation of women” has had relatively little influence on female crime
rates, there has been an increase in the number of females arrested. According to
Steffensmeier’s research, what might account for this increase?
a. demands of the women’s movement to treat females equally
b. the greater willingness of police to arrest females
c. the dramatic increase in the number of women engaging in prostitution
d. a demographic bulge of females in the crime-prone age group
Which social bond refers to how much time an individual spends engaged in
non-criminal activities?
a. achievement
b. attachment
c. commitment
d. involvement
The rules that govern day-to-day living conditions within a subculture are known as:
a. policies
b. focal concerns
c. middle-class measuring rods
d. conduct norms
Which of the following involves obtaining sexual pleasure from exposing the genitals
to surprise or shock a stranger?
a. exhibitionism
b. asphyxiophilia
c. frotteurism
d. sadomasochism
The importance and prestige attributed to individuals or groups from who the
definitions are learned is the _____ element of an association.
a. priority
b. duration
c. intensity
d. frequency
Drug use has existed for centuries. Ancient writings indicate that _____ or the “plant of
joy,” was used 5,000 years ago.
a. marijuana
b. the opium poppy
c. coca leaves
d. mushrooms
According to social reaction theory, labels are believed to produce:
a. stigma
b. primary deviance
c. differential associations
d. anomie
Failure to act can be considered a crime under which of the following circumstances?
a. if the parties are bound by relationship
b. if the state has a statue requiring that people give aid
c. if a contractual relationship exists
d. all of these
The subarea of criminology concerned with the role social forces play in shaping
criminal law and the role criminal law plays in shaping society is known as:
a. victimology
b. penology
c. criminal statistics
d. the sociology of law
Which Act established health care fraud as an independent federal criminal offense that
carries a penalty of up to 10 years in prison?
a. Health Insurance Scheme Punishment Act
b. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
c. Health Insurance Protection Act
d. Health Insurance Act
How is age correlated with crime?
a. Age is not correlated with crime ” anyone can commit crime.
b. Middle aged males, 30-45, commit the most crime.
c. Age is inversely related to crime ” younger people commit more crime
d. Age is correlated with crime only if referring to males.
There are many different views on the causes of drug use. The subcultural view of
substance abuse concentrates on ____ addiction.
a. early-onset
b. adult
c. lower-class
d. adolescent
In general, crime rates _________ as temperature rises.
Reintegration shaming extends disapproval to an offender’s deeds while casting the
offender as a respected person who can be reaccepted by society.
The major enforcement arm against environmental crimes is the _________ _________
_________.
A common method of swindling money out of an innocent victim is known as the
_________ _________.
An auto repair shop charging customers for bogus repairs is _________.
The work of Cesare Lombroso (the “born criminal”) and his contemporaries is regarded
today as a historical curiosity, not scientific fact.
The study of brain activity is termed _________. Some researchers believe neurological
and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that
they control behavior throughout the life span.
Discuss how one’s moral development influences their risk of committing crime.
The _____________ are the people who do the actual labor.
Longitudinal studies indicate that drug abusers are maladjusted, alienated, and
emotionally distressed and that drug use is only one among a number of many social
problems. This causal explanation of substance abuse is termed_________ _________
_________.
Psychologist John Bowlby believed that the ability to form _________” that is,
emotionally bond to another person ” has important lasting psychological implications
that follow people across the life span.
A logic bomb, also called slag code, is a type of delayed-action virus that may be set off
when a program user makes certain input that sets the slag code in motion.
Farrington’s Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development evidenced that few
delinquent youths had criminal fathers.
There is evidence that a subculture of violence may be found in areas that experience
concentrated poverty and social disorganization.
The critical view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of social harm.
Retail security measures add to the already high cost of crime, all of which is passed on
to the consumer.
Discuss Lemert’s concept of primary and secondary deviance. Why does secondary
deviance transform one’s identity whereas primary deviance does not?