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Which crime prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates?
a. primary prevention programs
b. secondary prevention programs
c. tertiary prevention programs
d. reactive prevention programs
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, there are almost _____ rapes
and attempted each year.
a. 50,000
b. 20,000
c. 100,000
d. 125,000
Date rape, statutory rape, and marital rape are subcategories of:
a. familial sexual assault
b. acquaintance rape
c. intrafamilial sexual assault
d. serial rape
The nation's birthrate experienced a dramatic rise in the year 2000. What impact would
this large number of births have on the crime rate?
a. the crime rate would being to rise about the year 2028
b. the crime rate would begin to rise about the year 2024
c. the crime rate would begin to rise about the year 2020
d. the crime rate would begin to rise about the year 2016
Trials by ordeal were based on the principle that:
a. divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
b. oath-takers would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
c. physical characteristics would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
d. common law would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
The view, according to Ackers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are
learned is called:
a. differential association theory
b. labeling theory
c. social reaction theory
d. differential reinforcement theory
Adding a security guard to reduce shoplifting in a department store is an example of a
crime:
a. discourager.
b. eliminator.
c. barrier.
d. pusher.
Much of the difference in rates of violent crime between whites and racial minorities
can be explained by minorities being forced to live in high crime neighborhoods,
which:
a. provide a poorer quality of schooling
b. increases their risk of exposure to violence
c. contain few social interaction opportunities
d. lack access to criminal networks
According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin's cohort study, what percentage of chronic
offenders was responsible for a significant proportion of all serious crime?
a. 6 percent
b. 12 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 21 percent
Labeling theorists use a/an ___ definition of crime.
a. legal
b. perceived
c. interactionist
d. consensus
What cyber crime is less motivated by profit than they are by technological destruction?
Such criminals aim their malicious attacks at disrupting, defacing, and destroying
technology that they find offensive.
a. cyber terrorism
b. cyber vandalism
c. cyber stalking
d. cyber theft
The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated
person dominated by events that occurred:
a. during one's adolescent years
b. during the process of socialization
c. during the phallic stage
d. during early childhood
The use of secret prisons to detain terror suspects without trial and the use of illegal
interrogations to obtain confessions are examples of what type of state political crime?
a. human rights violations
b. state violence
c. state-corporate crime
d. political corruption
The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers to such factors as:
a. gender and age
b. social class and economics
c. race and ethnicity
d. season and climate
One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing:
a. the degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration
b. the rehabilitation of the offender with the offender's symbolic punishment
c. the concept of justice with the concept of deterrence
d. the needs of offenders with those of their victims
Which of the following is not a social goal the government expects to achieve via
contemporary criminal law?
a. discouraging revenge
b. maintenance of social order
c. deterrence of criminal behavior
d. These are all social goals the government expects to achieve.
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which type of household would
be least likely to contain crime victims or be the target of burglary or larceny?
a. rural, African American-owned homes in the West
b. urban, white-owned homes in the Southeast
c. suburban, African American-owned homes in the Northeast
d. rural, white-owned homes in the Northeast
The belief that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve is known
as:
a. latent potential
b. equipotentiality
c. shared potential
d. biopotentiality
According to life course and latent trait theories, _________ offend without the help or
aid of others.
a. autonomy offenders
b. single offender
c. lone wolves
d. recruiters
Which type of murder is intent present but malice is not?
a. nonnegligent manslaughter
b. negligent manslaughter
c. first degree murder
d. second degree murder
Members of the underclass who are socially isolated, live in urban inner cities, occupy
the bottom rung of the social ladder, and are the victims of discrimination are known as:
a. the truly poor
b. the truly disadvantaged
c. the truly at-risk
d. the truly differentiated
Which of the following is a prevention strategy to reduce or eliminate shoplifting?
a. electronic article surveillance
b. source tagging
c. target removal
d. all of these
The Smith's home is burglarized. After the burglary, the Smiths install a new security
system and add additional locks to their doors and windows. They are never a victim of
a burglary again. What is this an example of?
a. target vulnerability
b. target gratifiability
c. target antagonism
d. target hardening
When urban planners consider the characteristics of sites that are at risk for crime, the
factors that attract people to these sites, and what equips potential criminals to take
advantage of the illegal opportunities offered, they are engaging in a practice known as:
a. situational crime prevention
b. crime displacement
c. crime discouragers
d. situational displacement
What is the most common form of hate crime?
a. murder
b. assault
c. arson
d. intimidation
The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others
deserve to be punished is known as:
a. specific deterrence
b. just deserts
c. revenge
d. retribution
The theory which holds that crime is a function of one's inability to achieve personal
goals (such as earning money, owning a home, having a nice car) because society is
stratified by socioeconomic class is called:
a. cultural conflict theory
b. deviance theory
c. social disorganization theory
d. strain theory
According to differential reinforcement theory what determines whether deviant or
criminal behavior persists?
a. the degree that living conditions influence behavior
b. the degree that offenders are able to neutralize their behaviors
c. the degree it has been rewarded or punished
d. the degree that conventional ties to society are broken or weakened
According to theories of the life course _____ factors are examples of factors such as
marriage and military service.
a. situational
b. socialization
c. social
d. cognitive
If a political criminal plots to overthrow an existing government and replace it with one
that holds views he/she finds more acceptable, we would say that this criminal has ____
as a goal.
a. revolution
b. conviction
c. pseudo-conviction
d. profit
When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:
a. direct conditioning
b. reconditioning
c. labeling reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
Rape by someone known to the victim, including family members and friends, is known
as:
a. acquaintance rape
b. date rape
c. blitz rape
d. association rape
During the Iraq war, the term ___ began to be used to describe the forces opposed to
American involvement.
a. revolutionary
b. terrorist
c. insurgent
d. guerilla
Institutional anomie argues that the high rate of crime in the United States is due to its
overemphasis of which institution?
a. education
b. economics
c. peers
d. family
By the 18th century, which of these types of property criminals lived in the country and
supplemented their diet and income with game that belonged to a landlord?
a. skilled thieves
b. smugglers
c. poachers
d. animal thieves
Discuss the factors that comprise problem behavior syndrome (PBS) and the association
between PBS and crime.
Criminal justice explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society.
Explain transnational organized crime and the circumstances that have led to
transnational crime.
A burglar who has technical competence, who maintains personal integrity, who
specializes in burglary, and who has financial success and the ability to avoid prison
sentences is called a _________ _________.
What are the five strategies of situational crime prevention efforts? Provide an example
for each.
During the Vietnam War, the term insurgent began to be used to describe the forces
opposed to American involvement.
Terrorists typically have a rural focus, while guerillas typically have an urban focus.
Identify and explain the elements of social bond theory. What are some of the criticisms
of social bonds?
_________ refers to the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who
are representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics.
_________ _________is a new breed of offenses typically involving the theft and/or
destruction of information, resources, or funds utilizing computers, computer networks,
or the Internet.
In the _________ _________ _________ a potent theme of violence influences
lifestyles, the socialization process, and interpersonal relationships.
According to chronic victimization, _________ _________ refers to victims who have
some quality that is highly desirable to offenders.
How do contemporary trait theories account for crime and criminality? Include the
concept of sociobiology in your response.
As the only crime contained therein, the United States Constitution defines _________
as levying war against the United States or "adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid
and Comfort."
Currently, the Mexican drug cartels are the greatest global drug concern.
___ ___holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making
the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own
class.
_________ is derived from the Latin caenum, for "filth" and is defined by Webster's
dictionary as "deeply offensive to morality or decencydesigned to incite to lust or
depravity."
Each year, more than a million children are believed to be used in pornography or
prostitution.
The proportion of prison inmates incarcerated for drug offenses has increased by 200
percent since 1986.
Life course theories recognize that as people mature the factors that influence their
behaviors change. At first, family relations may be most influential. In later
adolescence, _________and_________ relations dominate.
