Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, over time, is termed:
a. sampling
b. cross-sectional research
c. meta-analysis
d. cohort research
What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic victimization?
a. Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has been committed.
b. Repeat victimizations are rare because victims tend to take defensive action once
victimized.
c. Chronic victimization refers to people, not to property or locations.
d. Prior victimization has little, if any, impact on an individual’s likelihood of becoming
re-victimized.
Public welfare offenses, such as traffic offenses, are crimes that do not require mens rea
to prove legal guilt because they endanger public welfare or violate safety regulations.
They are also referred to as:
a. mala prohibita
b. strict liability crimes
c. limited liability crimes
d. felonies
The view that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents
master skills that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and
forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior is known as:
a. social reaction theory
b. differential association theory
c. differential reinforcement theory
d. neutralization theory
Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing physical
traits of offenders?
a. Beccaria
b. Bentham
c. Lombroso
d. Durkheim
Close to ___ arsons are reported every year.
a. 10,000
b. 60,000
c. 150,000
d. 100,000
B-girls spend time in bars, drinking and waiting to be picked up by customers. It is
common to find B-girls in towns:
a. along the east and west coasts
b. with large industrial complexes
c. with military bases
d. along the southern coastal region
High levels of coercion produce criminality. Coercion that involves pressures beyond an
individual’s control, such as economic and social pressure caused by unemployment or
poverty, is termed:
a. covert coercion
b. latent coercion
c. interpersonal coercion
d. impersonal coercion
According to focal concern theory, which of the following is not identified as a lower
class focal concern?
a. smartness
b. trouble
c. excitement
d. achievement
The abuse-crime phenomenon known as the cycle of violence impacts:
a. boys more than girls
b. girls more than boys
c. girls and boys equally
d. girls and boys equally but only if they experienced abuse prior to the age of ten
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by which
disorder?
a. rule disorder
b. low testosterone
c. high testosterone
d. conduct disorder
Usually respectable persons who do not conceive of themselves as thieves, but are
systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use are called:
a. boosters
b. professional criminals
c. burglars
d. snitches
Who developed the life course theory to offer separate explanations for life course
persistent offenders and adolescent-limited offenders?
a. Moffitt
b. Sampson and Laub
c. Agnew
d. Lombroso
Who wrote Seductions of Crime, a book that argues there are immediate benefits to
criminality?
a. Jack Katz
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Jeremy Bentham
d. Andrew Von Hirsch
Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because
the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic are
known as:
a. disparity crimes
b. felony murders
c. bias crimes
d. hate crimes
Merton’s anomie theory of criminal behavior stresses:
a. the importance of socialization and middle-class measuring rods
b. the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing
equal access to the means for obtaining them
c. the idea that criminal personality is not inherited, but tendencies toward criminal
behavior are
d. the importance of the individual’s early family environment in determining attitude
toward crime
Which goal of political criminals hopes to conceal conventional criminal motivations
behind a mask of conviction and altruism?
a. revolution
b. pseudo-conviction
c. conviction
d. revolution
Individuals who have been cut off from society and whose members lack the education
and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society are considered
members of the:
a. bottom strata
b. underclass
c. social class
d. lower sector
Productive forces include such things as:
a. technology
b. energy sources
c. material resources
d. all of these
According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning
could be increased, crime rates should:
a. remain stable
b. increase
c. decline
d. initially spike, then decline
________ are political crimes perpetrated by state authorities against the people they
are supposed to serve.
a. government crime
b. official crime
c. political crime
d. state-political crime
Due to the amount of disposable income at this time, crime rates may be higher:
a. on the first day of the month.
b. on the fifteenth day of the month.
c. at the end of the month.
d. crime is consistent throughout the month
While not all experts believe that media violence is a direct cause of violent behavior,
many do agree that media violence contributes to aggression. What does the research
indicate?
a. Viewing media violence is related to both short-and long-term increases in aggressive
attitudes, values, and behaviors.
b. Children who watch TV are more likely to persist in aggressive behavior as adults.
c. TV viewing may create changes in personality and cognition that produce long-term
behavioral changes.
d. Research indicates all these things.
What do immediate impact studies indicate about capital punishment’s deterrent effect
on murder?
a. Impact studies indicated that the overall impact of executions might
actually increase the incidence of homicide
b. Impact studies indicated that a deterrent effect does not exist even though the
death penalty is being used more often over the past decade.
c. Impact studies were inconclusive regarding capital punishment’s deterrent
effect on murder.
d. Impact studies indicated a deterrent effect but only for expressive forms of
murder.
Using dummy or disabled goods for retail display while having the real merchandise
kept under lock and key, a technique used with high-cost electronic devices, is known
as:
a. a target removal strategy
b. a target hardening strategy
c. an electronic surveillance system
d. source tagging
A potent theme of violence that influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and
interpersonal relationships is known as:
a. cultural retaliatory homicide
b. subculture of violence
c. disputatiousness
d. brutalization process
Which type of murder requires the killer to have malice aforethought but not
premeditation or deliberation?
a. nonnegligent manslaughter
b. negligent manslaughter
c. first degree murder
d. second degree murder
In order for the criminal enterprise to successfully conduct studies of crime and develop
criminological theories, they must have:
a. high crime rates.
b. personality tests.
c. valid measures of crime.
d. experimental designs.
_____ describes the process of how abused kids are turned into aggressive adults.
a. violentization process
b. aggressive process
c. assault process
d. violence development
During which stage of brutalization does the youth become belligerent and angry?
a. virulency stage
b. violent coaching
c. belligerency stage
d. violent performance stage
The view that human development is controlled by a stable propensity or “master trait,”
present at birth or soon after is:
a. strain theory.
b. social economic theory.
c. age theory.
d. latent trait theory.
Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable
explanation, such as an accident, can be found is known as:
a. child abuse
b. elder abuse
c. hate crimes
d. cruelty to animals
What does research show to be a key factor in terms of early onset of criminality?
a. personality disorders
b. racism
c. poor parental discipline
d. all of these
Beccaria believed that humans were naturally:
a. geared to care for others.
b. hedonistic and self-centered.
c. incapable of making rational decisions.
d. unaware of the consequences of their actions.
Richmond (Virginia) Police Department used ______ to identify and target locations
associated with increased random gunfire during the previous year’s New Year’s Eve
holiday in order to deploy police resources to those areas.
a. data mining
b. meta-analysis
c. crime mapping
d. systematic review
The _________ _________ _________ is that some business organizations promote
white-collar criminality in the same way that lower-class culture encourages the
development of juvenile gangs and street crime.
A division of markets involves a corporation requiring its customers who use one of its
services to use other services it offers.
Concerning routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be considered
_________ _________.
Female criminality is sometimes masked because criminal justice authorities are
reluctant to take action against a woman. This reluctance is known as the _________
_________ .
What is the cycle of violence? Discuss the evidence that indicate a link between
victimization and crime exists.
Discuss the relationship between crime and the economy. Explain each of the views
associated with this relationship.
According to the concept of _________ _________ _________, criminal acts will be
avoided if potential targets are guarded securely, the means to commit crime are
controlled, and potential offenders are carefully monitored.
The three branches of social structure theory are social disorganization, deterrence and
cultural deviance.
In neighborhoods with high levels of collective efficacy, children are less likely to
become involved with deviant peers and to engage in deviant behavior. Rather, kids use
their wits to avoid violent confrontations and to feel safe. Doing this is a concept
referred to as:
a. efficacy effect
b. collective effect
c. street efficacy
d. culture savvy
Define and discuss the differences among serial killing, spree killing, and mass killing.
Describe Karl Marx’s economic theory and how conflict criminologists associate
Marxist thought with crime. Connect Marxist thought with the issue of globalization.
Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called
cultural transmission.
When conducting a meta-analysis of literature on police arrest practices, Koche,
Wilson & Mastrofski (2011) found that after being stopped by the police:
A minority suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than White suspects.
b. White suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than minority suspects.
c. minority and White suspects had an equal likelihood of being arrested.
d. middle and lower class individuals had an equal likelihood of being arrested.
Explain some of the motivations of terrorists.
The USA Patriot Act constrains all four traditional tools of surveillance ” wiretaps,
search warrants, pen/trap orders, and subpoenas.
Some experts question the existence of _________ _________ and claim that hackers
are regularly mistaken for terrorists.