Rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as:
a. mediation and conflict resolution
b. counseling and probation
c. stigmatization and deterrence
d. fines and detention
Systematic theft of company property by employees is common and is called:
a. front running
b. bucketing
c. ‘steering”
d. pilferage
Institutional racism undermines faith in social and political institutions and weakens
confidence in the justice system. According to the _________, as the percentage of
minorities in the population increases so too does the amount of social control that
police direct at minority group members.
a. police density hypothesis
b. police threat hypothesis
c. racial density hypothesis
d. racial threat hypothesis
A white-collar crime in which a stockbroker makes repeated trades with a client’s
account in order to fraudulently increase his or her commissions is known as:
a. chiseling
b. churning
c. front running
d. bucketing
A research approach that asks participants to describe their recent and lifetime criminal
activity is termed:
a. field observation
b. cross-sectional research
c. a self-report survey
d. meta-analysis
The Kansas City, Missouri police department’s study of patrol effectiveness convinced
criminologists that:
a. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street did not have a deterrent
effect.
b. Doubling the amount of patrol officers on the street had a deterrent effect.
c. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street had a deterrent effect but
only in high crime neighborhoods.
d. Decreasing the amount of patrol officers on the street increased crime.
Which age group experiences the most violent crime?
a. those 65 years and older
b. those 35-49 year old
c. those 25-35 year old
d. those 12-24 year old
While few in number, who is a female murderer most likely to kill?
a. a coworker
b. a family member
c. a stranger
d. a friend
Under English common law, treason was punishable by being “drawn and quartered.”
How do many nations punish treason today?
a. by life in prison
b. by imposing the death penalty
c. by deportation
d. by taking away one’s citizenship
Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates _______ between 1960-1980 because the
number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased
female participation in the workforce.
a. decreased
b. skyrocketed
c. remained stable
d. increased
The view that both biological and psychological traits influence the crime-non-crime
choice is known as:
a. human nature theory
b. age-graded theory
c. interactional theory
d. control-balance theory
According to theories of the life course, _____ factors are examples of factors such as
information processing and attention/perception.
a. situational
b. socialization
c. social
d. cognitive
The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind
people to society is:
a. social learning theory
b. differential association theory
c. differential reinforcement theory
d. social bond theory
Hegel argued that for every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument or:
a. antithesis
b. sub-thesis
c. hypothesis
d. synthesis
What is self-report data? Discuss the use and accuracy of self-report data.
Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate:
a. nutrition and health care
b. intelligence
c. child rearing practices
d. education
Which ethnic group reports the highest rate of violent victimization?
a. blacks
b. whites
c. Hispanics
d. Asians
Sykes and Matza base their neutralization theory on a variety of observations about
criminals. Among these observations is that:
a. criminals hope to plea bargain based upon dispelling their responsibility for their
offenses
b. criminals view all victims as equal prey for their offenses
c. criminals sometimes voice a sense of guilt over their illegal acts
d. criminals show respect for their ‘street smart” peers
The victim’s ability to address the sentencing judge and tell of his or her experiences as
a result of the victimization is known as a:
a. victim’s compensation statement
b. victims’ reconciliation statement
c. victims’ restitution statement
d. victims’ impact statement
High schools located in poverty stricken inner cities with completion rates of 40percent
or less are referred to as:
a. drop out factories.
b. level three schools.
c. bottom schools.
d. disadvantaged institutions.
In the nineteenth century, two new forms of theft appeared as a result of changes in
society. What were these new forms?
a. train robbery and safecracking
b. fraud and false pretenses
c. con games and fire-setting
d. stage coach robbery and mail banditry
Criminologists argue that “three strikes” policies will not work because:
a. Most offenders are too young.
b. The punishments are still too lenient.
c. The punishment is not certain.
d. Current sentences for violent crimes are already too severe.
Which of the following methods does the UCR use to express crime data?
a. name of offenders
b. crime rates per 100,000 people
c. predictions of what the crime rate will be the following year
d. all of these
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established
early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a(n):
a. life-factor
b. hidden characteristic
c. underlying feature
d. latent trait
The fact that some arsonists are motivated by severe emotional turmoil, antisocial
behavior, and psychopathology, supports the claim that arson should be viewed as:
a. a social work problem
b. an intellectual problem
c. a mental health problem
d. a medical problem
The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) are examples
of what type of terrorist group?
a. retributive terrorists
b. cult terrorists
c. nationalist terrorists
d. eco-terrorists
According to power-control theory, families where fathers and mothers assume the
traditional role of the man working outside the home and females working inside the
home are called ___ families.
a. maternal families
b. egalitarian families
c. paternalistic families
d. power families
The factor that distinguishes corporate crime from individual-level white collar crime is
that with corporate crime, the perpetrator is a/an ____ and not a/an ____.
a. corporate officer; stockholder
b. legal fiction; individual
c. partnership; group
d. business monopoly; board of control
Several subareas of criminology exist within the broader areas of criminology. These
subareas are termed:
a. the criminological enterprise
b. the victim-offender enterprise
c. the sociological enterprise
d. the justice-offender enterprise
According to differential association theory, everyone has both favorable and
unfavorable ______ of/to crime.
a. meanings
b. actions
c. social reactions
d. definitions
The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life
course is known as:
a. the social development model
b. developmental criminology
c. the general theory of crime
d. social control theory
Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction
between the two has to do with:
a. the ability of the NCVS to identify crimes committed against those under the age of
twelve
b. the ability of the UCR to identify the social dimension of fear
c. the ability of the UCR to measure unreported crime
d. the ability of the NCVS to measure unreported crime
The entire group who shares similar characteristics is called the _________.
Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as
crime-encouraging rather than crime-discouraging.
Explain the relationships between religion, belief and criminal involvement.
Thieves who steal cars for long-term transportation intend to keep the cars for their
personal use.
Active victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal
characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages the attacker.
Explain the concept of peacemaking criminology and how it differs from other forms of
conflict criminology.
Affirmative tax evasion occurs when an individual fails to pay taxes or does not report
all income.
Economic crimes can be defined as acts in violation of the criminal code designed to
bring financial reward to an offender.
Cyber vandalism is motivated more by profit than a cyber criminal’s urge to seek
revenge.
When referring to spousal relations and murder, it is possible that men kill their spouses
or partners because they fear losing_________ and _________.
_________ _________is violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage,
anger, or frustration.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, the Federal Bureau of Investigation
reassigned its priorities making the protection of the United States from future terrorist
attack its number one priority.
A white-collar _________ involves the criminal activity of people who use a business
proposition to fraudulently trick others out of their money.
_________ is a white-collar enforcement strategy that encourages law-abiding behavior
through both the threat of economic sanctions and the promise of rewards for
conformity.
The motivations behind political crimes may stem from ______ or _____ sources.
The critical role of a “merchant” in criminal transactions has been recognized since the
eighteenth century. A _________ is a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise.