Which of the following is paying for nonmarital sex?
a. transvestite fetishism
b. prostitution
c. pedophilia
d. paraphilia
The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to ____, who researched the life
cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s.
a. Marvin Wolfgang
b. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
c. Rolf Loeber
d. Sampson and Laub
The age of children when they first encounter definitions of criminality impacts the
_____ of an association.
a. frequency
b. duration
c. priority
d. intensity
Statutory rape refers to sexual relations between an adult and a/an:
a. elderly woman
b. married woman
c. underage minor
d. nonconsenting adolescent
Which of the following statements best reflects cyber crime?
a. As information technology evolves cyber criminals are rapidly replacing non-cyber
offenders.
b. Innovation brings change and with it new opportunities to commit crime.
c. Despite the rapid evolution of cyber crime, the justice system has managed to keep
pace.
d. Cyber criminals have likely reached the height of innovation in terms of discovering
new methods to commit crime via information technology.
The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when
attempting to understand human nature is known as:
a. choice theory
b. biophobia
c. nature theory
d. nurture theory
The study of agencies of social control such as the police, courts, and corrections is:
a. criminal justice.
b. criminology.
c. sociology.
d. law inquiry.
Corporations can circumvent economic sanctions by:
a. declaring bankruptcy
b. moving their rule-violating activities overseas
c. merging with another corporation
d. devaluing their stock
If a store advertises sweaters at a bargain price but do not actually have any sweaters for
sale for that price, they are guilty of which offense?
a. insider trading
b. restraint of trade
c. churing
d. false advertising
According to the instrumental view of critical criminology, the poor may or may not
commit more crimes than the rich but:
a. their crimes are less visible
b. they are arrested and punished less often
c. their crimes are more serious in nature
d. they are arrested and punished more often
In the 1930s, Sutherland first used the phrase “white-collar crime” to describe the
criminal activities of:
a. the rich and powerful
b. the proletariat
c. the mafia
d. business people
According to Von Hirsch’s view on “just deserts,” why is punishment based on
deterrence or incapacitation wrong?
a. Because punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation does not allow for
the possibility of rehabilitation.
b. Because punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation is only used within
the adult criminal justice system. Thus, it ignores juvenile offenders.
c. Because punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation involves an
offender’s future actions.
d. Von Hirsch did not view punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation as
wrong.
Within subcultures of violence, it is considered appropriate for an individual who has
been offended by a negative outcome in a dispute to seek reparations through violent
means. This concept is termed:
a. brutalization process
b. thanatos
c. disputatiousness
d. malefic
The view that proposes placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years in
order to lessen their opportunity to commit crime is known as:
a. preventative incapacitation
b. specific incapacitation
c. opportunity reduction effect
d. incapacitation effect
Which type of cyber crime consists of acts aimed at undermining the social, economic
and political system of an enemy nation?
a. cyber attack
b. cyber war
c. cyber hack
d. cyber offense
When referring to age-graded theory, research supports Sampson and Laub’s suspicion
that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if:
a. life conditions improve
b. criminal labels are withdrawn
c. criminal labels are not internalized
d. social capital is reduced
Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:
a. productive forces
b. lumpen proletariat
c. capitalist bourgeoisie
d. the proletariat
Which social bond refers to how much a person has invested in conventional society or
how much she has to lose.
a. achievement
b. attachment
c. commitment
d. involvement
Research indicates that ____ percent of juveniles in detention centers have used heroin.
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
_____ were Hebrew warrior groups who were active during the Roman occupation of
Palestine during the first century.
a. Terrorists
b. Zealots
c. Insurgence
d. Guerrillas
Explain what is meant by payola.
In 1966, Oscar Lewis argued that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produce
____, which is/are passed from one generation to the next.
a. culture conflict
b. a culture of poverty
c. differential opportunity
d. behavior conflict
Research indicates that ____ percent prisoners have used heroin at least once.
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
Professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise to
pawnshops or fences are known as:
a. cannons or receivers
b. good burglars
c. heels or boosters
d. snitches
The fact that some people’s activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization
by increasing their potential to become “opportunities” for criminal offenders is the
basis of what theory?
a. victim precipitation theory
b. lifestyle theory
c. routine activities theory
d. deviant place theory
Which statement best reflects the effect of informal sanctions aimed at shame and
humiliation?
a. They are highly effective in reducing recidivism.
b. They are highly ineffective in reducing recidivism.
c. Their effectiveness depends on the cohesiveness of the community structure.
d. Their effectiveness depends on the amount of media attention they receive.
Which is an inaccurate statement pertaining to spousal abuse.
a. Police departments report that 10 to 20 percent of evening calls involve domestic
disputes.
b. Twenty to forty percent of females experience violence while dating.
c. Some males believe that society approves of spouse abuse.
d. Obsession with a wife’s behavior, however trivial, can result in violent assaults.
The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect,
and affection is called:
a. hypermasculinity
b. the brutalization process
c. the virility mystique
d. narcissistic personality disorder
What causal explanation of white-collar crime states that the motives that produce
white-collar crimes are the same as those that produce any other criminal behavior?
a. neutralization view
b. self-control view
c. corporate culture theory
d. rationalization view
Common theft-related offenses including auto theft, shoplifting, and credit card fraud
fall into the crime category of:
a. professional crime
b. street crime
c. white-collar crime
d. organized crime
Which of the following is the best example of a role exit behavior?
a. running away from home
b. hanging out with deviant peers
c. living in an egalitarian family
d. shoplifting on a regular basis
Research on gateway drugs indicates that many American youths have tried marijuana.
Sadly, most of these adolescent users progress to crack or heroin abuse.
Before choosing to commit a crime, ________ criminals evaluate the risk of
apprehension, the seriousness of punishment, the potential value, and the immediate
need for criminal gain.
a. reasoning
b. opportunity
c. specific
d. need
What theory can be used to explain the collapse of Enron?
a. rationalization view
b. low self-control
c. corporate culture theory
d. neutralization view
In states that enact laws specifying different degrees of burglary, the most serious and
heavily punished crimes involve:
a. daytime forced entry into a nonresidential structure
b. nighttime forced entry into a residential structure
c. nighttime forced entry into a commercial building
d. daytime forced entry into a commercial building
Unlike lower species, humans lack an inhibition against fatal violence toward their own
species and are capable of killing their own kind in war or as a result of interpersonal
conflict.
How is violent crime the result of rational choice? Provide specific examples to support
your response.
Fear of shame, embarrassment, and humiliation can be powerful general deterrents to
crime. An individual’s fear of exposure and consequent shaming may vary according to
_________ of community structure and type of crime.
Occasional property crime occurs when there is an opportunity or situational
inducement to commit crime.
_________ _________involves groups that desire to impose their social and religious
beliefs on others via the use of violence meant to influence, persuade, or intimidate.
_________ crimesare challenging for criminologist to explain because they defy
long-held assumptions about the cause of crime.
Critics of the general theory of crime claim that it is _________ or involves circular
reasoning.
Rational choice theorists believe that all criminal behavior, no matter how destructive or
seemingly irresponsible, is actually a matter of thought and decision making.
Techniques of neutralization argues that delinquents are constantly and consistently
engaged in delinquent behavior are rarely ever engage in conforming behavior
The drug trade is an important source of foreign revenue for third-world countries.
_________ _________ suffer complex behavior delusions involving wrongdoing or
persecution, resulting in the thought that everyone is out to get them.
An _________ is a research design in which the researcher introduces the independent
variable to a group and observes the effects of the independent variable.
Shaw and McKay identified transitional neighborhoods as being poverty-ridden areas
that suffered high rates of population turnover and that were incapable of inducing
residents to remain and defend the neighborhoods against criminal groups.
Explain and discuss the differences between structural and instrumental Marxism.
The _________ _________of terrorist motivation describes the typical terrorist as an
emotionally disturbed individual who acts out his or her psychoses within the confines
of violent groups.
The anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of negative and
destructive social relationships are known as _________ _________ _________.
The “missing cases” phenomenon is a validity concern present within the Uniform
Crime Report.
Describe the issues associated with the Mexican drug cartels and the effects they have
on the United States.