While politically appealing, controlling sex for profit is difficult because:
a. Cyber forms of sex-related crimes are immune from prosecution.
b. Right-wing zealots decry any attempt to constrain free speech.
c. The Supreme Court holds that prostitution falls under constitutional
protection.
d. The public desires to purchase sexually related material and services.
Social disorganization theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the
urban environment?
a. age and ethnic differences
b. inadequate social control and deteriorated housing
c. frustration and stress levels
d. unequal distribution of wealth and power
Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman’s concept of
_______ that suggests crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural
designs that reduce criminal opportunity.
a. permeability
b. accessibility
c. defensible space
d. target-hardening
These prostitutes are considered the least attractive, lowest paid, most vulnerable men
and women in their profession.
a. bar girls
b. brothel prostitutes
c. street walkers
d. call girls
What white-collar crime involves a contract or conspiracy designed to stifle
competition, create a monopoly, artificially maintain prices, or otherwise interfere with
free market competition?
a. restraint of commerce
b. restraint of trade
c. restraint of business
d. restraint of competition
A crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of conditions?
a. on an August day with a temperature of 80 degrees
b. on a July day with a temperature of 98 degrees
c. on an April day with a temperature of 78 degrees
d. on a November day with a temperature of 67 degrees
Because cohort research is extremely difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, another
approach is to take an intact cohort from the past and collect data from their
educational, family, police, and hospital records. This research format is known as a/an:
a. reverse cohort study
b. retrospective cohort study
c. exposition cohort study
d. null cohort study
Sibling homicide is known as:
a. siblicide
b. paracide
c. fratracide
d. sistercide
When researching a possible sexual motivation for rape, criminologists have found
patterns in the research data indicating:
a. Younger rapists may be seeking sexual gratification.
b. Older rapists may be seeking sexual gratification.
c. Rapists of all ages may be seeking sexual gratification.
d. Sexual gratification was not a motivation for rape.
Androgens affect the brain structure in the left hemisphere of the ______.
a. neocortex
b. frontal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. thought cortex
In his Masculinities and Crime, what did Messerschmidt call men’s struggle to
dominate women in order to prove their manliness?
a. “doing domination”
b. “doing machismo”
c. “doing tough”
d. “doing gender”
Criminologists collect and analyze crime data in order to:
a. measure the nature and extent of criminal behavior
b. track changes in the crime rate
c. measure the individual and social factors that may influence criminality
d. all of these
According to life course and latent trait theories, _________ offend in groups.
a. autonomy offenders
b. isolators
c. lone wolves
d. recruiters
A burglar who has technical competence, maintains personal integrity, specializes in
burglary, has financial success, and has the ability to avoid prison sentences is known
as:
a. a professional burglar
b. an occupational burglar
c. a high-end burglar
d. a commercial burglar
The attachments that exist among the people producing goods and services are known
as:
a. productive forces
b. productive relations
c. productive handicaps
d. productive facilitators
When Canadian criminologists had insurance companies send written threats to a
random sample of insured persons reminding them of the punishment for insurance
fraud, the criminologists were measuring the effects of:
a. perception of punishment
b. shame and embarrassment
c. marginal deterrence
d. the “tipping point”
What is the most common form of spam?
a. e-mail
b. instant messaging
c. mobile phone messaging
d. Usenet newsgroups
By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior.
This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of victim
c. condemnation of the condemners
d. denial of injury
When individuals use culturally approved means to attain social goals, this is known as:
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. rebellion
The best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is:
a. the Uniform Crime Report
b. the National Crime Victimization Survey
c. the Annual Self-Report Survey
d. the Monitoring the Future Study
The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of:
a. political harm
b. social power
c. social harm
d. political power
What do we know about the link between pornography and violence?
a. It is common for serial killers to collect and watch violent pornography.
b. Nations that consume the highest levels of pornography also have extremely
high rape rates.
c. It is not certain if pornography leads to sexual violence or if people
predisposed to sexual violence are drawn to pornography.
d. All these things are known.
People with high-risk lifestyles have a much greater chance of victimization. One
element of a high-risk lifestyle is carrying a weapon. Males who carry weapons are
three times more likely to be victimized than males who do not carry weapons. Why?
a. Because carrying a weapon is associated with gang involvement, whether a person is
actually involved with a gang or not. This puts the person at greater risk of
victimization from those who actually are involved with gangs.
b. Because carrying a weapon emboldens a person and encourages them to become
involved in risk-taking behavior that they would not have otherwise attempted.
c. Because carrying a weapon is associated with snap-decision making and lack of a
rational thought process.
d. Because carrying a weapon angers and instigates attacks from those who are most
likely to victimize another person.
Which of the following statements does not reflect corporate culture theory?
a. Everyone else does it.
b. Business enterprises place excessive demands on employees.
c. Senior employees encourage new employees to believe that greed is good.
d. Companies maintain business climates tolerant of deviance.
Gottfredson and Hirschi identify people with limited self-control as tending to be:
a. sensitive
b. aggressive
c. irrational
d. impulsive
A criticism of learning theories is that they fail to adequately explain:
a. drug use
b. spontaneous acts of violence
c. subterranean behaviors
d. minor crimes such as vandalism and shoplifting
Felony murder usually constitutes:
a. negligent homicide
b. nonnegligent manslaughter
c. first-degree murder
d. second-degree murder
Which of the following is not a factor that predicts spousal abuse?
a. flashes of anger
b. military service
c. the presence of alcohol
d. economic stability
The problem of controlling pornography centers on the definition of:
a. obscenity
b. filth
c. contentious content
d. indecent substance
When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is
known as:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse Survey provides a less positive
view of substance abuse trends than other drug use surveys. What do its most recent
findings indicate?
a. Americans consume 10 percent of the world’s illegal drugs.
b. One in twenty Americans will have an alcohol or drug abuse problem at some point
in their lives.
c. Substance abuse touches almost every American family and is responsible for many
of the nation’s social problems.
d. Fifty percent of American children will be offered illegal drugs before graduating
from high school.
The free choice view of prostitution expresses women’s:
a. subjugation
b. equality
c. dominance
d. social circumstances
Conflict theorists are concerned with which of the following?
a. the role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment
b. the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
c. the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations
d. all of these
According to Merton, a person who rejects both society’s goals and norms and becomes
a drifter and drug addict falls into which mode of adaptation?
a. retreatists
b. innovation
c. rebellion
d. conformity
Approximately ____ percent of cases are cleared by arrests.
a. 90
b. 60.
c. 40
d. 20
According to deviant place theory, deviant places are defined as lightly populated,
residential neighborhoods with a disproportionate number of young males.
The faster punishment is applied and the more closely it is linked to the crime, the more
likely it will serve as a deterrent.
Identify and explain the causes of the enterprise of crime.
If an offender considers such things as the target yield, the effectiveness of police
patrol, the presence of occupants and dogs, and possible escape routes, the crime is
considered _________ _________
Some political criminals are motivated by altruism or _________. They truly believe
their crimes will benefit society and are willing to violate the law and risk punishment
in order to achieve what they view as social improvement.
According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s cohort study, a small number of offenders
committed the majority of the crimes.
Research indicates that many women are raped each year by their husbands as part of
an overall pattern of spousal abuse. Today, almost every state recognizes marital rape as
a crime.
Social control theory asserts that individuals are pushed into crime by an unfair and
unequal society.
_________ have a higher rate of poverty than any other group.
It is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is
actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality referred to as the _________
_________
Studies of twins do not produce any evidence to suggest that genetics may be linked to
crime.
Paying for nonmarital sex is_______________.
What are paraphilias? Identify and explain the various crimes that fall under the
category of paraphilias.
_________ _________suggests that some people may actually initiate the confrontation
that eventually leads to their injury or death.
According to the CASA Survey, a child who reaches age 21 without smoking, using
illegal drugs, or abusing alcohol is virtually certain never to do so during their lifetime.
Define and discuss active and passive victim precipitation. Do you think it is just to
blame victims for their role in crime? Explain your view.
Explain what constitutes a confidence game and whether a confidence game is theft or
fraud. Include in your response several examples of a confidence game.