Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind 4th Edition

1) In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT a.the task requires planning and decision making. b. the task involves well-learned or automatic responses. c.the task is likely to require error correction. d. the task requires a response that

1) A blockage of the posterior cerebral arteries that resulted in brain damage would most likely cause a deficit in a. vision. b. motor function. c. somatosensation. d. speech. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2) Which term is used to describe an idiosyncratic union between or within sensory modalities, such as experiencing the color red whenever seeing

1) Which of the following is an advantage of MEG (magnetoencephalography) over EEG (electroencephalography)? a.With MEG, current flow can be detected in any orientation. b. With MEG, the inverse problem can be avoided. c.With MEG, magnetic fields are not distorted by the skull. d. With MEG, the temporal resolution is much better. Answer: C Answer: C Answer:

1) Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have different functions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early twentieth century? a.look at a CAT scan b. observe the tracts that connect each layer c.look at patients with damage

1) The term decussation refers to a. a type of cerebrovascular accident that frequently damages motor structures. b. the shift in involvement from the premotor cortex to the supplementary motor area (SMA) with motor learning. c. the crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other. d. a type of

1) The two cues that barn owls use to localize sounds are a.echolocation and interaural time. b.interaural time and interaural intensity. c.interaural intensity and interaural frequency. d.interaural frequency and echolocation. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) Which of the following cells devour and remove damaged brain cells? a.astrocytes b. microglia c.oligodendrocytes d. Schwann cells Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 3) You conduct a single-cell

1) One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the high road and has a cortical component. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) Neuroeconomics is the field of philosophy that discusses the rights and wrongs of the treatment or enhancement of the human brain. Answer: F Answer: F Answer:

1) At any given time, many different schema control units may be activated. However, we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action. The units are mutually inhibitory, and only the most activated one wins the

1) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the interpreter system? a.It is cortically based. b. It works largely outside of awareness. c.It creates a running narrative. d. It processes emotion. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D 2) In a fear-conditioning experiment, you find a person who shows a normal skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus

1) A patient has great difficulty in maintaining his posture, walking, and coordinating his movements. His brain injuries probably involve the a.cerebellum. b. corpus callosum. c.superior colliculus. d. third ventricle. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2) Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw figures like the ones

1) When reading a series of statements such as At the party, he was the first to start dancing on the table, the_____________ is more active when making a personality inference as opposed to remembering the order of the statements. a.anterior insula cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c.anterior cingulate cortex d. medial prefrontal cortex Answer: D Answer:

1) Which of the following is an advantage of the group study approach in neuropsychology, compared to the individual case study approach? a.A group study allows a cognitive process to be related to particular underlying brain structures with greater reliability. b. A group study can employ the methods of cognitive psychology. c.A group

1) Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that_________decisions recruit working memory processes, whereas________decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes. a. personal ; impersonal b. impersonal ; personal c.moral ; ethical b. impersonal ; personal d. ethical ; moral Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) Which of the following is NOT true of infants speech recognition abilities? a.

1) A normal adult speaker has passive knowledge of about 50,000 words. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) In visual search tasks, the amount of time it takes to find a target among distracters is independent of the number of distracters if the target can be identified by a single feature. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 3)

1) Loss of blood flow in the _________ is the most common cause of hemiplegia. a. anterior cerebral artery b. vertebral artery c. middle cerebral artery d. circle of Willis Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C 2) Which characteristic of brain activity is promising for the potential to decode dreams in the future? a. Activity patterns during perception

1) The two ears of the barn owl are positioned asymmetrically on the head, improving sound localization in the vertical direction. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) The equilibrium potential is the membrane voltage at which there is no net flow of ions in or out. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 3) The information that a

1) The pyramidal motor tract carries signals from the motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere to _________ side(s) of the spinal cord, whereas the extrapyramidal motor tracts carry signals from various subcortical structures to _________ side(s) of the spinal cord. a. the ipsilateral ; both the ipsilateral and contralateral b. both the

1) The following is a sample stimulus shown briefly to a split-brain patient who has the typical pattern of language dominance. If you ask her to name the XOAect she sees, what will her answer probably be? a.Square. b. Circle. c. Square and circle. d. Nothing. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) Visual sensory memory is to

1) The role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in synaptic transmission is to a.bind neurotransmitter molecules to the postsynaptic membrane. b.mediate the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron. c.repolarize the postsynaptic cell after transmission has been completed. d.increase the activity of the sodiumpotassium pumps in the presynaptic cell. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) You learn

1) Animals and humans are shown items that have a 75/25 probability of being in one of two categories. Which participants would perform the best on this task? a.intact humans b. intact animals c.right-hemisphere-damaged patients d. The groups listed above would perform equally well. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) To explain dichotic listening findings such as the

1) Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do not have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) The dorsal visual pathway is associated with the parietal lobe. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 3) Listening to a sentence like He spreads the warm

1) Why is it difficult to investigate the conscious experience of perception using monkeys? a.Monkeys do not have conscious experiences. b. We cannot infer a conscious experience from monkeys behavior. c.Human visual regions do not correspond perfectly to monkey visual regions. d. Visual illusions do not affect nonhuman animals. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) Lesions to

1) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states of other people. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F 2) Knowledge about the context in which previous learning took place is referred to as recency memory. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F 3) The right hemisphere is more important than the left

1) The three primary ways in which words are symbolized in different writing systems are alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 3) Asymmetries in language-associated brain regions have been documented at the level of individual neurons that make

1) According to Warringtons model, patients with left posterior lesions should be particularly impaired in a. recognizing the visually invariant properties of objects. b. linking functionally associated visual inputs. c. matching different views of an object as representing the same item. d. segmenting a complex drawing into its component parts. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) Which

1) Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her __________ memory is accurate, but her __________ memory is incomplete. a. semantic ; episodic b. nonassociative ; semantic c. episodic ; implicit d. explicit ; implicit Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2) The finding

1) The morphology of the brain of Albert Einstein revealed an unusual Sylvian fissurethe division that separates the __________ lobe from the __________ lobes. a.occipital ; frontal and parietal b. temporal ; frontal and parietal c.frontal ; temporal and occipital d. parietal ; temporal and occipital Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) __________ does NOT affect behavior

1) The corpus callosum a.permits communication between the two cerebral hemispheres. b. is the area of the cortex in which information about touch, pain, temperature, and limb position is processed. c.separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. d. is a fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2)

1) The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) Switching tasks requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F 3) A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary:

1) One limitation of view-dependent theories of object recognition is that a. objects can be seen without a particular view. b. separate templates must be generated and stored for each different view of a given object. c. this approach argues that recognition depends on decomposing a scene or object into its constituent parts. d.

1) A research participant fails the mirror self-recognition (MSR) test. Which of the following questions should be asked before concluding that this person lacks self-awareness? a.Have you ever been imitated? b. Do you understand the concept of self-awareness? c.Are you under the age of sixteen? d. Do you have prosopagnosia? Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D 2) A

1) A toddler sees two members of their social group sharing. The toddler will likely a.be surprised b. be unsurprised c.protest vocally d.protest nonvocally Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) In Hagoorts language model, the memory component is mediated by the_________, the unification component by the___________, and the control component by the_________. a. inferior frontal cortex ; temporal

1) Action potentials are electrical signals that are conducted down the axon of a neuron. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) When someone is emotionally aroused, the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F 3) Single axons of the corticospinal tract can extend for more than

1) Simulation theory suggests that theory of mind is based on an ability to put ourselves in the shoes of another person, using our own minds to simulate what might be going on in the mind of someone else. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) There appear to be two mental lexicons, one in each

1) Which of the following is NOT a type of corpuscle used for somatosensation? a.Merkel b. Calvert c.Meissner d. Pacinian Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 2) You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of

1) Wernicke is to__________as Broca is to__________ . a. understanding speech ; speaking b. speaking ; understanding speech c. aggregate field theory ; topographic organization d. aggregate field theory ; aggregate field theory Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2) Which of the following is NOT a type of utilitarian justice? a.restoration b. deterrence c.incapacitation d. rehabilitation Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 3) A free

1) A jury is shown a defendants brain scan showing abnormal frontal lobe activity. What can a person on the jury legitimately conclude from this evidence alone? a.the defendant has diminished responsibility b. the defendant has brain damage c.both a and b d. nothing because this may not have produced a particular thought or

1) For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response, which type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action? a.the somatic marker hypothesis b. utilization behavior c.the supervisory attentional system d. source encoding Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C 2) What were the circumstances

1) For people with blind sight,blind can be considered_________,with sight reflecting_______. a.perception ; sensation b.sensation ; perception c.visual field ; neglect d.neglect ; visual field Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2) A patient with dysarthria has trouble a.controlling the muscles that articulate speech sounds. b. activating word-form representations based on conceptual knowledge. c.converting knowledge about written characters into their

1) The primary visual cortex, or V1, is located in a. the striate cortex. b. Brodmann area 17. c.the calcarine fissure. d.all of the above. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D 2) Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm? a.synapse b. syncytium c. striatum d. claustrum Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B 3)

1) Keeles work with people with Parkinsons disease suggests that they may have difficulties in which of the following cognitive operations? a. discriminating scents b. spatial memory c. facial recognition d. set shifting Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D 2) The primary visual pathway is best described as a.retina optic nerve hypothalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe. b.retina cochlea optic chiasm

1) The most important function of myelin in the nervous system is to a.form the bloodbrain barrier. b.trigger the release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals. c.produce cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles. d.facilitate conduction of action potentials in axons. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D 2) The volume of cortex that is not sensory or motor has traditionally

1) Most forms of classical conditioning can be considered declarative memory. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F 2) Activity in the premotor cortex reflects not only the trajectory of a movement but also the context in which the movement occurs. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 3) When spatial attention is introduced to one stimulus in a spatial

1) Neural network models often a.have distributed processing. b. store information discretely in isolated and independent units. c.have static activation levels. d. are symbolic in nature. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A 2) Which statement below is both true and suggestive that chimpanzees and bonobos might have a conscious state? a.They share a common ancestor with humans. b. Their brains

1) An encoding model of brain activity predicts brain activity from a given stimulus. Answer: T Answer: T Answer: T 2) Spatial attention to one hemifield leads to increased neural activity in the fusiform gyrus in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Answer: F Answer: F Answer: F 3) Computational models can vary widely in the level of explanation they seek