Archives
Chapter 1 Three of the most important organelles in eukaryotic
Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells SUMMARY Section 1.1 Biochemistry describes the molecular nature of life processes. In living cells, Section 1.2 Life is based on compounds of carbon. This is the subject matter of organic […]
Chapter 10 Synthesis occurs in both directions from the origin
Chapter 10 Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication 1 SUMMARY Section 10.1 Before cells divide, they must synthesize a new copy of DNA. This process is called replication. Section 10.2 When a molecule of DNA is replicated, each of […]
Chapter 11 Transcription Eukaryotes Exons Are The Portions DNA
Chapter 11 Transcription of the Genetic Code: Biosynthesis of RNA 1 SUMMARY Section 11.1 Transcription is the process of using a DNA template to produce RNA Section 11.2 Prokaryotic transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which is a […]
Chapter 12 The Following Factors Ensure Fidelity Protein Synthesis
Chapter 12 Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message 1 SUMMARY Section 12.1 Protein translation involves 3 types of RNA and many protein factors. Section 12.2 The genetic code is based on a series of three bases coding […]
Chapter 13 The Foreign DNA Usually Inserted Into Second
Chapter 13 Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques 1 SUMMARY Section 13.1 In order to study nucleic acids, we must have a way to separate and identify them. The most common separation technique is gel electrophoresis. DNA pieces Section 13.2 […]
Chapter 14 Acquired Immunity Refers The Processes Involving Cells
Chapter 14 Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology 1 SUMMARY Section 14.1 Viruses are simple genes, made up of RNA or DNA, that infect cells and take over their replication, transcription, and translation machinery. Viruses are characterized by their structure, […]
Chapter 15 Free-energy changes under standard conditions
Chapter 15 The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism 1 SUMMARY Section 15.1 Standard states are benchmark conditions chosen to have a basis of comparison Section 15.2 The usual thermodynamic standard state implies that the […]
Chapter 16 Glycosidic linkages are responsible for the bonding
Chapter 16 Carbohydrates SUMMARY Section 16.1 Biochemically important sugars usually contain five or six carbon atoms; their structure includes a carbonyl group (either the aldehyde or the ketone form) and several hydroxyl groups. Optical isomerism is of paramount […]
Chapter 17 Cancer cells rely heavily on aerobic glycolysis
Chapter 17 Glycolysis 1 SUMMARY Section 17.1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in a multistep pathway. When pyruvate is formed, it can be converted to carbon dioxide and water in Section 17.2 In the first […]
Chapter 18 The Reaction Produces Oxaloacetate Which Then Undergoes
Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism 1 SUMMARY Section 18.1 Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, including humans. Glycogen releases glucose when energy demands are high. Glucose polymerizes to form glycogen when the organism […]
Chapter 19 The two-carbon unit needed at the start of the citric acid
Chapter 19 The Citric Acid Cycle SUMMARY Section 19.1 The citric acid cycle is amphibolic. It plays a role in both catabolism and anabolism. It is the central metabolic pathway. Section 19.2 The citric acid cycle takes place […]
Chapter 2 Buffer solutions are characterized by their tendency to
Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions SUMMARY Section 2.1 Water is a polar molecule, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens. There are forces of attraction between the […]
Chapter 20 Standard reduction potentials provide a basis
Chapter 20 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 1 SUMMARY Section 20.1 Electron transport from one carrier to another creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The proton gradient is coupled to the production of ATP in […]
Chapter 21 Cannot Further Metabolized Oxidation However Separate
Chapter 21 Lipid Metabolism 1 SUMMARY Section 21.2 Fatty acids are activated and transported to the mitochondrial matrix for further catabolism. Section 21.3 The complete oxidation of fatty acids by the citric acid cycle and the electron– transport […]
Chapter 22 The Shorter Wavelength Light Means Higher Frequency
Chapter 22 Photosynthesis 1 SUMMARY Section 22.1 In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane, a third membrane in chloroplasts in addition to the inner and outer membrane. The dark […]
Chapter 23 Nitrogen compounds in the biosphere include amino
Chapter 23 The Metabolism of Nitrogen SUMMARY Section 23.1 Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is not highly reactive, but it must be converted to ammonia or to nitrates to be biologically useful, first to plants, then to animals. Nitrogen compounds […]
Chapter 24 The Weight Loss Due Correction The Bloating
Chapter 24 Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling 1 SUMMARY Section 24.1 All metabolic pathways are related, and some metabolites appear in several pathways. Section 24.2 The sources of substrates for catabolism and for anabolism are the nutrients derived […]
Chapter 3 The Pka For The Ionization The Thiol
Chapter 3 Amino Acids and Peptides SUMMARY Section 3.1 The amino acids that occur in proteins consist of an amino group and a carboxyl group bonded to the same carbon atom. The other two bonds of the carbon are […]
Chapter 4 The Transform More Stable And The
Chapter 4 The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins 1 SUMMARY Section 4.1 Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. The composition and order of the amino acids are critical to the protein function. For any native […]
Chapter 5 Column chromatography refers to several common techniques
Chapter 5 Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques SUMMARY Section 5.1 To begin the process of purification, proteins are released from cells using homogenization using a variety of physical techniques. Initial purifications steps are accomplished using differential centrifugation and […]
Chapter 6 You Are Probably Running This Reaction Buffer
Chapter 6 The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes 1 SUMMARY Section 6.1 Catalysts are substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. Section 6.2 Thermodynamics of a biochemical reaction refers to whether a reaction is spontaneous or […]
Chapter 7 All subunits are found in one or the other
Chapter 7 The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control SUMMARY Section 7.1 Allosteric enzymes exhibit different behaviors compared to non-allosteric enzymes, and the Michaelis-Menten equations are not applicable. A plot of velocity vs. [S] for an allosteric […]
Chapter 8 Proteins combine with lipid bilayers to form
Chapter 8 Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes 1 SUMMARY Section 8.1 Lipids are compounds that consist mostly of nonpolar groups. They have limited solubility in water, but dissolve freely in organic solvents. Section 8.2 Lipids […]
Chapter 9 When nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds
Chapter 9 Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information 1 SUMMARY Section 9.1 The two principal kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. The primary structure of nucleic acids is the order of bases. The secondary Section 9.2 […]