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978-0077825362 Chapter 1 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. The Science of Psychology Psychologists develop theories and conduct psychological research to answer questions about behavior and mental processes; these answers can impact individuals and society. The scientific method, a means […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 1 Part 2
15 A Research Example: Media Violence and Aggression ! Exposure to media violence causes Increase aggressive and violent thoughts, emotions, behaviors Short– and long-term effects ! Consistent effects of exposure to violent media across: Variety of research […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 10 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 10 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS AND PROGRAM EVALUATION CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. True Experiments A. Characteristics of True Experiments In true experiments, researchers manipulate an independent variable with treatment and comparison condition(s) and exercise a high degree […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 10 Part 2
16 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. the treatment. If the chairperson of the committee wanted to make a decision soon after the first term in […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 11
1 CHAPTER 11 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: PART I. DESCRIBING DATA, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, CORRELATION CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. The Analysis Story When data analysis is completed, we must construct a coherent narrative that explains our findings, counters […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 12 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 12 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: PART II. TESTS OF STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND THE ANALYSIS STORY CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) Null hypothesis testing is used to determine whether mean differences among […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 12 Part 2
18 Confirmatory Data Analysis • Stage 3: Confirm what the data reveal ▪ Confidence Intervals ▪ Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) o Most common approach for data analysis o Be cautious when using NHST • Null Hypothesis Significance Testing ▪ […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 13
1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. CHAPTER 13 COMMUNICATION IN PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES The goal of this chapter is to inform students about […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 2 Part 1
1 dCHAPTER 2 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Scientific and Everyday Approaches to Knowledge The scientific method is empirical and requires systematic, controlled observation. Scientists gain the greatest control when they conduct an experiment; in an experiment, […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 2 Part 2
21 Psychology Questions Why conduct research in psychology? We don’t always know how people will think or behave. Can you anticipate the results of some research questions? Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements. 1. Mothers talk to their […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 3 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 3 ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE CONDUCT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Introduction II. Ethical Issues to Consider Before Beginning Research Prior to conducting any study, the proposed research must be reviewed to determine if it […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 3 Part 2
20 LEARNING BY DOING RESEARCH Throughout our text we strive to remind students of the importance of ethical issues in research as we introduce them to research methods. We describe here two ways in which instructors can reinforce the importance […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 4 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 4 OBSERVATION CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. Sampling Behavior When a complete record of behavior cannot be obtained, researchers seek to obtain a representative sample of behavior. The extent to which observations may be generalized (external […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 4 Part 2
20 (4) What type of sampling did the observers use to decide when to make their observations? The observers used time sampling. Their time sampling method was systematic because they scheduled specific times and specific days to gain a representative […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 5 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 5 SURVEY RESEARCH CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. Uses of Surveys Survey research is used to assess people’s thoughts, opinions, and feelings. Surveys can be specific and limited in scope or more global in their goals. […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 5 Part 2
19 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. the successive independent samples design, in which different samples of respondents from a population are selected over time, and […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 6 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 6 INDEPENDENT GROUPS DESIGNS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments Researchers conduct experiments to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. Experiments allow researchers to decide whether a treatment or program effectively changes […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 6 Part 2
21 Mindfulness, continued 2. Langer and Piper’s findings were statistically significant. Comment critically on each of the following statements and decide whether the conclusions are appropriate based on the fact that the findings were statistically significant. (a) The findings in […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 7 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 7 REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. Why Researchers Use Repeated Measures Designs Researchers choose to use a repeated measures design in order to (1) conduct an experiment when few participants are available, (2) […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 7 Part 2
16 mean of the two unilateral conditions (i.e., the mean of left and right) was statistically significant. What would you claim about the bilateral superiority effect? This F-test would indicate that the mean for the bilateral condition (680) and the […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 8 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 8 COMPLEX DESIGNS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. Describing Effects in a Complex Design Researchers use complex designs to study the effects of two or more independent variables in one experiment. In complex designs, each independent […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 8 Part 2
18 around a large room reading posters and talking to the authors about their poster. On the day of the final exam we will have a mini-conference at which each of you will display your posters and each of you […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 9 Part 1
1 CHAPTER 9 SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH DESIGNS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES I. Overview II. The Case Study Method A. Characteristics Case studies, intensive descriptions and analyses of individuals, lack the degree of control found in small-n experimental designs. Case studies are […]
978-0077825362 Chapter 9 Part 2
12 6. Methodological Issues and the ABAB Design: This page describes issues associated with causal inference and ethical issues related to the ABAB design. 7. Multiple-Baseline Design: This page introduces the multiple-baselines design. 8-9. Illustration of Multiple Baseline Design: These […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 1
Chapter 01 – Introduction Chapter 01 Introduction Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 6-7) Explain why psychologists at the turn of the 20th century embraced an empirical approach to advance understanding about human behavior. At the turn of the 20th century […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 10 Part 1
Chapter 10 – Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation Chapter 10 Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 305–306) Experiments in natural settings are likely to differ from laboratory experiments on four critical dimensions: goals, control, external validity, […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 10 Part 2
Chapter 10 – Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation 27. (p. 311) Participants for a treatment group are chosen because they score very low on a pretest measure of performance. When their performance improves on the posttest, the researcher A. should […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 11
Chapter 11 – Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data, Confidence Intervals, Correlation Chapter 11 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data, Confidence Intervals, Correlation Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 351–352) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 12 Part 1
Chapter 12 – Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story Chapter 12 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 381–382) Null […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 12 Part 2
Chapter 12 – Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story 18. (p. 381) The level of significance, or alpha, in psychological research is generally set at A. .01. B. .05. C. .10. D. […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 13
Chapter 13 – Communication in Psychology Chapter 13 Communication in Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 418) When an researcher submits a manuscript for publication, a number of experts in the field of the research evaluate the manuscript. This process […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 2 Part 1
Chapter 02 – The Scientific Method Chapter 02 The Scientific Method Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 29–31) How is the empirical approach that is used in the scientific method different from a nonscientific (everyday) approach to knowledge? The empirical approach […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 2 Part 2
Chapter 02 – The Scientific Method 41. (p. 40) When an hypothesis is stated in such a way that the event to be explained becomes the explanation itself (e.g., the child is distractable because he has attention deficit disorder), the […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 3
Chapter 03 – Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research Chapter 03 Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 63–64) Distinguish between the three types of injury as sources of risk in psychological […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 4 Part 1
Chapter 04 – Observation Chapter 04 Observation Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 94–97) Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling in naturalistic observation. Time sampling involves using several randomly or systematically selected times for observation. […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 4 Part 2
Chapter 04 – Observation 37. (p. 106–107) The problem of reactive measurement is _________ when indirect (unobtrusive) observation is used. A. eliminated B. unchanged C. decreased D. increased Level: Conceptual 38. (p. 107) The remnants, fragments, and products of past […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 5 Part 1
Chapter 05 – Survey Research Chapter 05 Survey Research Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 141–144) Distinguish between probability sampling and nonprobability sampling. Name two types of probability samples and one type of nonprobability sample. The distinguishing characteristic of probability sampling […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 5 Part 2
Chapter 05 – Survey Research 41. (p. 146–147) A researcher adjusted the wording of a question to guide a respondent’s answer and recorded only selected portions of a respondent’s answers. What survey problem does this represent? A. interviewer bias B. […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 6 Part 1
Chapter 06 – Independent Groups Designs Chapter 06 Independent Groups Designs Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 181–182) Identify and briefly define the three primary types of control used in experiments. The three primary types of experimental control are: manipulation, holding […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 6 Part 2
Chapter 06 – Independent Groups Designs 28. (p. 185–186) Random assignment to conditions works to balance participants’ individual differences across conditions of the experiment by A. matching individuals on key variables. B. asking individuals to participate in each condition of […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 7
Chapter 07 – Repeated Measures Designs Chapter 07 Repeated Measures Designs Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 220–221) Cite two reasons why a researcher might choose to use a repeated measures design. The four reasons cited in the text are that […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 8 Part 1
Chapter 08 – Complex Designs Chapter 08 Complex Designs Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 247, 250) Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction effect in a complex design. The overall effect of one independent variable in a complex design […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 8 Part 2
Chapter 08 – Complex Designs 25. (p. 264–265) A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals’ GRE test performance. The personality variable he examined was individuals’ level of introversion-extraversion. Based on questionnaire responses, each participant […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 9 Part 1
Chapter 09 – Single-Case Research Designs Chapter 09 Single-Case Research Designs Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 282–287) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the case study method. The cited advantages could be any two of the following: (1) a […]
978-0077825362 Test Bank Chapter 9 Part 2
Chapter 09 – Single-Case Research Designs 20. (p. 285–286) The most serious disadvantage of the case study method, because of internal validity issues, is the A. possible problem of generalizing from a single individual. B. limitation of information based on […]