A Speaker's Guidebook: Text and Reference 7th Edition

Page 1 1. List and explain three benefits of public speaking. 2. How does public speaking training enhance your career as a student? 3. Explain how developing public speaking skills can help you become a more engaged citizen. 4. List and describe three

Page 1 1. The practice of giving speeches was originally known as ______, also called oratory. 2. In the Roman republic, citizens met in a public space called a(n) ______. 3. ______ is the canon of rhetoric that refers to discovering types of information to

Page 1 1. Learning to speak effectively can enhance your career as a student and help you advance your professional goals. A) True B) False 2. Oral and written communication skills are two of the three job skills employers seek most in college graduates. A) True B)

Page 1 1. What are three things speakers accomplish when they credit speech sources? 2. Discuss the ethical implications of neglecting to cite speech sources. 3. What is an oral citation, and when should speakers cite their sources? 4. Which four bibliographic components

Page 1 1. Speakers need not credit sources for ideas that are considered ______ knowledge. 2. A(n) ______ credits the source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas. 3. Our level of trust in a source's credentials and track record for providing

Page 1 1. What are the three general parts of a speech, and what are the basic functions of each? 2. Explain how the specific purpose and thesis statements serve as guideposts in creating main points. 3. Why should a speaker adhere to the rule

Page 1 1. ______ is the strategic process of deciding how to order speech points into a coherent and convincing pattern for your topic and audience. 2. ______ is the physical process of plotting speech points on a page in hierarchical order of importance. 3.

Page 1 1. How can a speaker best decide how to arrange main points in a speech? 2. When is the chronological pattern of arrangement appropriate for a speech? 3. Provide main points for a speech on the topic of American Wars using a chronological

Page 1 1. A(n) ______ pattern of arrangement follows the natural sequential order of the main points. 2. A speech describing a series of events leading to the adoption of a peace treaty calls for a(n) ______ pattern of arrangement. 3. The ______ pattern describes

Page 1 1. How can a speaker prepare a speech by using a working outline? 2. Explain the difference between a phrase outline and a key-word outline. 3. List three situations in which it might be advisable to include a few full sentences in a

Page 1 1. Why is it important for speakers to prepare the introduction just as thoroughly as they prepare the speech body? 2. List three functions of an effective introduction. 3. Explain why the introduction should be written after the speech body. 4.

Page 1 1. The speaker's first step in the speech introduction is to gain the audience's ______. 2. Used to introduce a speech, a(n) ______ can be culled from literature, poetry, film, or individuals. 3. Brief stories of interesting, entertaining, or real-life incidents are called

Page 1 1. The introduction and the conclusion of the speech are more important than the body. A) True B) False 2. The choices a speaker makes about the introduction of a speech can affect the outcome of the entire speech. A) True B) False

Page 1 1. List three functions of a conclusion. 2. Name three guidelines for preparing a conclusion. 3. How can a speaker signal the close of a speech and provide closure? 4. Explain how a challenge issued during a conclusion varies for an

Page 1 1. The ______ provides the speaker a final opportunity to leave the desired impression and further build a relationship with the audience. 2. Speakers should reiterate both the topic and the ______ to imprint it on the audience's memory. 3. A call to

Page 1 1. Unlike introductions, which have a number of elements, conclusions have only one. A) True B) False 2. If you rehearse enough, you will not need to include your conclusion in your speaking outline. A) True B) False 3. The conclusion of a

Page 1 1. List three ways in which spoken and written language differ. 2. When is it appropriate for a speaker to use jargon, and why? 3. How can a speaker create vivid imagery for the audience? 4. Explain the difference between a

Page 1 1. Speeches make much more frequent use of repetition and transitions than do most forms of ______ communication. 2. The specialized insider language of a given profession is called ______. 3. ______ language is specific, tangible, and definite. 4. ______ language

Page 1 1. The style of the words you use in your speech consists of word choices and rhetorical devices. A) True B) False 2. Speeches make less frequent use of repetition than do most forms of written communication. A) True B) False 3. Spoken

Page 1 1. What are the four qualities of effective delivery? 2. Explain why a speaker should strive for natural rather than theatrical delivery. 3. Identify two ways in which speakers can make a delivery seem more natural when they are reading from a prepared

Page 1 1. Speaking from ______ is advisable or necessary when the speaker must convey a very precise message. 2. Speaking from ______ requires the speaker to recall exact words, which can lead to disaster if the speaker has a mental block during his or her speech.

Page 1 1. During the elocutionary movement, speechmaking was regarded as a type of performance, much like acting. A) True B) False 2. Today the content or message of a speech, rather than the delivery, is seen as being most important. A) True B) False

Page 1 1. Explain how a speaker can learn to adjust his or her speaking volume. 2. List two of the three factors that determine how loudly a speaker will have to speak. 3. Identify three tips for using a microphone when delivering a speech.

Page 1 1. The proper volume for delivering a speech is somewhat louder than that of normal ___. 2. A handheld or fixed microphone should be positioned slightly below and about six inches away from a speaker's mouth to prevent ______. 3. The range of

Page 1 1. Pitch is the relative loudness of a speaker's voice while giving a speech. A) True B) False 2. The proper volume for delivering a speech is somewhat louder than that of normal conversation. A) True B) False 3. When adjusting speaking volume,

Page 1 1. Identify and explain the two nonverbal channels of communication from which audiences receive information during a speech. 2. How does effective use of nonverbal behavior establish relationships between the speaker and the audience? 3. List two tips for using effective facial expressions.

Page 1 1. _______ refers to how something is said, not to what is said. 2. _______ is an effective nonverbal tool for building rapport with an audience. 3. _______ is probably the most important physical action in public speaking. 4. _______ is

Page 1 1. Beyond the spoken words, audiences receive information from a speech through aural and visual channels. A) True B) False 2. Paralanguage refers to what is said, not to how something is said. A) True B) False 3. Nonverbal communication carries more meaning

Page 1 1. List the ten steps in the speechmaking process. 2. List the two factors a speaker should take into account when selecting a topic. 3. How can a speaker analyze the audience? 4. What makes a good thesis statement?

Page 1 1. Unless your topic has been assigned, selecting a topic is the ______ step in preparing a speech. 2. The process of ______ helps to determine how receptive the audience will be toward a given topic. 3. To inform, to persuade, and to

Page 1 1. The first step in creating a speech involves determining the purpose of the speech. A) True B) False 2. Audience analysis is a systematic process of getting to know your listeners relative to the topic and the speech occasion. A) True B) False

Page 1 1. Why should presentation aids complement or enhance the speech rather than serve as the main source of the speaker's ideas? 2. How can the audience be affected by the use or misuse of presentation aids? 3. Choose two types of pictures (photographs,

Page 1 1. ______ aids include objects, models, pictures, graphs, charts, video, audio, and multimedia. 2. A(n) ______ is a three-dimensional, scale-size representation of something. 3. A(n) ______ represents relationships among two or more things. 4. A(n) ______ graph uses columns of various

Page 1 1. Presentation aid is synonymous with visual aid. A) True B) False 2. Objects, models, pictures, graphs, charts, video, audio, and multimedia can all be used as presentation aids. A) True B) False 3. The two purposes of presentation aids are to help

Page 1 1. Explain the principle of simplicity, and give an example. 2. What is the difference between serif and sans serif typefaces? 3. Give three tips for using typefaces and fonts effectively in a presentation aid. 4. Discuss how color can enhance

Page 1 1. A speaker should plan on presenting one major idea per slide when striving for ______. 2. A presentation aid with words should have no more than ______ words per line. 3. Speakers should word their slide text in the _______ verb form.

Page 1 1. Simple presentation aids may appear condescending to an audience. A) True B) False 2. Presentation aids that contain too much information will detract from your message. A) True B) False 3. Speakers should present at least three major ideas per slide. A)

Page 1 1. Explain the common risks associated with using presentation software during a speech. 2. How can speakers avoid presentation software technical glitches? 3. Identify the three presentation platform options for displaying your slides. 4. List three objects that can be imported

Page 1 1. Speakers who rely on electronic presentations risk performance difficulties due to ______ errors. 2. Speakers should check that the operating system of the _______ they will use during their speech is compatible with the operating system used to create the aids. 3.

Page 1 1. Various presentation software programs offer public speakers powerful tools for creating and displaying high-quality visual aids. A) True B) False 2. When a speaker uses presentation aids, the presentation media should take center stage. A) True B) False 3. The speaking outline

Page 1 1. List three ways a speaker can focus on sharing knowledge with an audience. 2. List the six categories of informative speeches. 3. List and define three types of definition. 4. How is explaining information different from describing information?

Page 1 1. To ______ is to communicate knowledge. 2. The informative speech seeks to enlighten, whereas the ______ speech seeks to advocate. 3. Speeches about ______ focus on noteworthy occurrences, both past and present. 4. Speeches about ______ refer to a series

Page 1 1. The goal of informative speaking is to convince an audience to change attitudes, beliefs, or values. A) True B) False 2. With information available today in so many forms, electronic and otherwise, we have little need for informative speeches. A) True B) False

Page 1 1. How does persuasive speaking ability contribute to a healthy democracy? 2. Explain the difference between informative and persuasive speeches. 3. Explain the persuasive speaker's objective of limiting the audience's alternatives. 4. Describe two ways in which a speaker can demonstrate

Page 1 1. Lack of positive public speaking experience, feeling different from the audience, and uneasiness about being the center of attention can lead to ______. 2. Katarina experienced ______ anxiety as soon as she first learned that she had to give a speech. 3.

Page 1 1. Explain why public speaking is such a source of anxiety for most people. 2. Explain how being the center of attention can contribute to an uncomfortable speech situation. 3. Pinpoint which of the four points in the speechmaking process creates the most

Page 1 1. Nervousness while speaking is disruptive whether or not it shows, so speakers should take steps to eliminate it. A) True B) False 2. Public speaking anxiety, or PSA, is defined as a speaker's fear or anxiety associated with actual communication to an audience. A)

Page 1 1. How can developing listening skills during speeches help you as a speaker? 2. How does monologue differ from dialogic communication? 3. What is the difference between an internal listening distraction and an external listening distraction? 4. Describe two types of

Page 1 1. ______ is the act of focused and purposeful listening. 2. Paying attention to certain messages and ignoring other messages is called ______. 3. In contrast to monologue, ______ communication encourages the speaker and the listener to reach conclusions together. 4.

Page 1 1. Why is ethics important to the speechmaking process? 2. Identify three terminal values that you feel you have in common with your classmates, and explain why you believe this to be true. 3. How can a speaker display the qualities of dignity

Page 1 1. ______ is the study of moral conducthow people should act toward one another. 2. The word ethics is derived from the Greek word ______. 3. ______ are people's most enduring judgments or standards about what is good or bad, important or unimportant.

Page 1 1. Ethics is the study of moral conducthow people should act toward one another. A) True B) False 2. The Greek word ethos means ficharacter. A) True B) False 3. Positive ethos includes competence, good moral character, and goodwill. A) True B) False

Page 1 1. What is audience analysis? 2. Explain how attitudes, beliefs, and values are interrelated. 3. Why are audience demographics an important source of information for a speaker? 4. Define socioeconomic status, and explain its importance in the process of audience analysis.

Page 1 1. ______ is the process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members' attributes and motivations with the explicit aim of preparing your speech in ways that will be meaningful to them. 2. Maintaining a(n) ______ approach throughout the speech preparation process will help you

Page 1 1. Audience analysis is the process of gathering and analyzing information about listeners with the aim of preparing your speech in ways that will be meaningful to them. A) True B) False 2. Being audience-centered means compromising your own convictions and catering to your audience.

Page 1 1. Explain the major differences between informative and persuasive speech purposes. 2. List three topics suitable for a persuasive speech. 3. List three types of special occasion speech. 4. If you were assigned to write a speech based on your personal

Page 1 1. One key question you should be able to answer with total confidence before delivering any speech is How will my audience respond to my speech? A) True B) False 2. Speakers are usually given time constraints for a speech. A) True B) False

Page 1 1. Describe the functions of supporting material. 2. Describe the four types of examples speakers can use in a speech. 3. Why is a narrative such a powerful and compelling type of supporting material? 4. What is the difference between expert

Page 1 1. ______ are a type of supporting material that aids understanding by making ideas, items, or events more concrete. 2. ______ examples are effective for making a point about something that could happen in the future. 3. ______, or stories, tell tales that

Page 1 1. Supporting material is defined as facts and statistics presented by the speaker. A) True B) False 2. In any given speech, speakers should choose one appropriate type of supporting material and stick with it for consistency. A) True B) False 3. If

Page 1 1. Explain the difference between primary and secondary sources. 2. Why is it important to assess your research needs before beginning your search? 3. When preparing a speech, why might books be valuable as supporting material? 4. What is a periodical?

Page 1 1. ______ sources provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events. 2. ______ sources provide analysis or commentary about phenomena produced by others. 3. A(n) ______ is an electronic entry point into the holdings of a school's or town's e-resources. 4.

Page 1 1. Classical rhetoricians termed the process of selecting material that best conveys and supports a speech's message invention. A) True B) False 2. Primary sources provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events. A) True B) False 3. Interviews and surveys are primary

Page 1 1. Audiences are most persuaded by speakers who support their positions with trustworthy sources. A) True B) False 2. One reason a speaker should credit sources is so that listeners are able to locate the sources and pursue their own research on the topic. A)

Page 1 1. The first step of organizing a speech is determining the main points. A) True B) False 2. Even a little bit of disorganization can ruin a speech. A) True B) False 3. The strategic process of deciding how to order speech points

Page 1 1. Outlines assist in examining the underlying logic of a speech. A) True B) False 2. When developing a speech, a speaker should create two outlines: a working outline and a speaking outline. A) True B) False 3. The purpose of a speaking

Page 1 1. Unlike dyadic communication, public speaking is one-way communication. A) True B) False 2. College students spend more time listening than they do on any other communication activity, except for speaking. A) True B) False 3. Selective perception is a process in which

3 Managing Speech Anxiety <A> OBJECTIVES To understand what makes us anxious about public speaking. To pinpoint the onset of your anxiety and plan to overcome it. To use proven strategies to build your confidence. To use visualization and relaxation techniques to control anxiety.

planning required. For most speakers, anxiety tends to be lowest during the preparation phase. Pre-performance anxiety: A feeling of anxiety experienced when a speaker begins to rehearse a speech Performance anxiety: A feeling of anxiety that occurs the moment one begins to perform What are some proven strategies that

6. Review of financial needs. 6. Review of financial needs. 6. Review of financial needs. 2. Current physical status. 2. Current physical status. 2. Current physical status. 4. Pertinent psychosocial data (including plans for discharge and involvement

her tongue. her tongue. her tongue. Instructions: (Note: This exercise is an alternate format to the Whisper Down the Lane exercise.) The instructor must choose a short news story to read for

To anticipate common obstacles to listening. To practice active listening strategies. To evaluate evidence and reasoning. To strive for the open exchange of ideas. To offer constructive and compassionate feedback. To anticipate common obstacles to listening. To practice active listening strategies. To

II. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS What advice about ethical public speaking would you give to a political candidate? Why do you think so many people are skeptical of politicians? Can you recall listening to any political speeches that struck you as ethically problematic? In what way? Political candidates should probably have

5 Ethical Public Speaking <A> OBJECTIVES To take responsibility for your words. To demonstrate competence and character. To respect your listeners values. To be aware of different ethical perspectives. To contribute to positive public discourse. To use your rights of free speech responsibly. To avoid

6 Analyzing the Audience <A> OBJECTIVES To learn about your audience and adapt your message accordingly. To investigate audience psychology. To

unique audience requires a new approach. unique audience requires a new approach. unique audience requires a new approach. long as students use specific examples and refrain from making vague generalizations about political candidates or political parties. long as students use specific

7 Selecting a Topic and Purpose <A> OBJECTIVES To select a topic and purpose appropriate to the audience, occasion, and rhetorical situation. To select from the three

General purpose: To persuade Specific purpose: To move the audience to raise money on behalf of the American Cancer Society Thesis statement: A donation to the American Cancer Society is the best charitable gift you can give. General purpose: To persuade Specific purpose: To move

8 Developing Supporting Material <A> OBJECTIVES To offer a variety of supporting materials. To keep the audience in mind when selecting sources. To choose accurate, relevant, motivating, and audience-centered supporting material. <A> CHAPTER CONTENT OUTLINE I. Developing supporting material A. Supporting material performs three functions

9 Finding Credible Online and Print Materials <A> OBJECTIVES To assess your research needs. To start your search at your librarys home page. To learn to recognize propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation. To consider using both primary and secondary sources. To explore various secondary sources. To conduct

Hoosiers, Friday Night Lights, Rudy, Any Given Sunday, and Miracle contain special occasion or motivational speeches. For instance, Miracle illustrates an inspirational speech as Coach Brooks (Kurt Russell) attempts to lift the spirits of his hockey team. You can use these films to illustrate aspects of delivery, the power of

Part 1 Course Management FORMULATING A TEACHING PHILOSOPHY One of the most important aspects of teaching is being able to formulate your own teaching philosophy, which allows you to articulate your general and specific approaches toward instruction. A teaching philosophy is beneficial because it encourages you to assess

in their feelings of apprehension. This can be done in several ways, a few of which are described below. Discuss public speaking anxiety early on in the semester. Chapter 3 of A Speakers Guidebook delves into speech anxiety from both a theoretical and practical perspective. Assign and cover

Body I. Main idea 1 (narrative/story) (Internal summary) (Transition to conclusion) II. Main idea 2 (significance of narrative) (Internal summary) (Transition to conclusion) Conclusion I. Summary: II. Review (each main point): III. Tie to the introduction: IV. Creative concluding thought (end with impact):

Can the set of numbers be compared? Is the evidence consistent with the known facts and other evidence? Lines of argument on advantages claimed from a specific proposal: The speaker failed to explain that the proposal has the power or the means to solve the

displayed at appropriate time ______ OUTLINE typed and in correct outline form ______ at least three sources ______ written in correct APA style ______ internal summaries included and labeled ______ transitions included and labeled ______ written in correct APA style ______ internal summaries included and labeled ______ transitions included

making more of an effort to keep it clean. The chance of resolving this dispute slips away as Mike increasingly focuses the disagreement on Steves character. If this conversation continued, it is unlikely that it would be resolved. In academic debates as well as in public and personal arguments,

Part 2 Organizing and Structuring a Public Speaking Course This section provides the following resources to help instructors structure and organize the introduction to a public speaking course: sample syllabi students record of grades information sheet for instructor sample course schedules (four versions) descriptions of speech

Special Occasion Speeches Ch. 27 Practice Persuasive Speeches with partner 10 Persuasive Speeches Persuasive Speeches Persuasive Speeches 11 Speaking with Presentation Aids Ch. 20 Designing Presentation Aids Ch. 21 Using Presentation Software, Ch. 22 and 28 Preparing Online Presentations 12 Collaborating and Presenting in Groups Ch. 29 Speaking in Other College Courses Ch. 31 Business and Professional Presentations Ch. 30 13 Speech

why the microbrewing industry is still growing. D. Do-it-yourself kits that enable you to brew your own beer are now available for around $60 (Joseph, 1996). All you need are the appropriate ingredients, an instruction book, and the imagination to brew your very own award-winning beer! around $60 (Joseph, 1996).

www.nationalhomeless.org. The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty. (2009). Homelessness in the United States and the human right to housing. www.nlchp.org. U.S. Bureau of the Census. The Current Population Survey (CPS): 2009. www.census.gov. U.S. Conference of Mayors. (December 2009). A status report on hunger and homelessness in Americas cities:

Part 3 Additional Resources The following are suggested additional resources. However, this list is by no means exhaustive. For online resources, search terms are provided. META-SEARCH ENGINES WebCrawler: Keyword: WebCrawler Info.com: Keywords: Info search engine InfoSpace: Keyword: InfoSpace Dogpile: Keyword: Dogpile search engine Ixquick: Keyword: Ixquick Zoo: Keywords: Zoo search engine HotBot: