978-1506351643 Chapter 3 Lecture Note

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Student Resource

Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Lecture Notes

Chapter 3: Ethics and Public Speaking in a Global World

Learning Objectives

1-1 Explain how cultural understanding affects speakers and audiences.

1-2 Define and discuss the importance of ethics, identifying where you draw the line

when faced with specific ethical dilemmas.

1-3 Define plagiarism, explaining why it is an ethical issue.

1-4 Define critical thinking, explaining its significance for speakers and audiences.

1-5 Describe the relationship among ethics, critical thinking, and multiculturalism/cultural

understanding.

Outline

I. As a public speaker, it is imperative to respect different cultures.

A. Prepare yourself to speak in front of diverse audiences

1. Cultural diversity is the recognition and valuing of difference

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Race

d. Ethnicity

e. Ability

f. Religion

g. Education

h. Marital status

i. Sexual orientation

j. Income

B. Attune yourself to cultural differences.

1. The U.S. is quickly becoming a majority-minority country

Student Resource

Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018

C. Assess your understanding of cultural diversity

1. Take cultural differences into account

D. Reflect on cultural values

1. Culture is the system of knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors and

artifacts that we learn, accept, and use in our daily lives

2. Co-cultures are composed of members of the same general culture who differ

in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.

a. LGBTQ

b. Arab Americans

c. The disabled

3. Marginalized groups are members that feel like outsiders

a. Passive approach is similar to assimilation

b. Assertive approach wants members of the dominant group to

accommodate their diversity.

c. Aggressive approach intensely defend their beliefs and traditions

4. When delivering a speech, be aware of different communication styles.

a. Individualistic cultures tend to use low-context communication

1. Address situations head-on

2. North Americans

b. Collectivistic cultures tend to use high-context communication

1. Avoid confrontation

2. Asian countries

E. Understand the cultural identities of your audience members.

1. Cultural identity is the internalization of culturally appropriate beliefs, values

and roles acquired through interacting with members of our cultural group.

2. It is also a product of our group memberships.

a. Gender

b. Age

c. Racial and ethnic identities

d. Religious identity

e. Socioeconomic identity

f. National identity

Student Resource

Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018

3. Be aware that culture, economic and social class and gender of receivers might

influence the way audience members process the examples speakers employ.

4. Be aware of humor and how cultures process it

F. Consider preferred learning styles

1. Speakers need to be sensitive to how receivers prefer to learn and process

information.

a. Aural learner

b. Visual learner

c. Thinking-level learner

G. Understand differences to build bridges and confidence amongst your audience

members.

1. All cultures do not share the same communication rules

a. Avoid formulating expectations based solely on own culture

b. Make a commitment to develop speechmaking and listening skills

appropriate to life in the age of multiculturalism and globalization

i. Be a respectful and patient listener

ii. Engage and ask questions-rephrase if confusion persists

iii. Have empathy and imagine yourself in another’s shoes

II. As a public speaker, it is imperative to speak ethically.

A. Ethics express society’s notions about what is right or wrong

1. Is it an ethical breach to speak on a subject about whom you don’t personally

care?

2. Is it ethical to use a fabricated story to increase personal persuasiveness but

not tell the audience the story is made up?

3. Is it right to convince others to believe what you do not yourself believer?

4. Is it ethical to refuse to listen to a speaker you find offensive?

5. Ethical communication is honest and accurate

6. Ethical speechmaking has its basis in trust and respect for the speaker and

receivers

B. Audiences have a level of expectation for speakers.

1. Audiences are more likely to trust speakers of good character

a. Share only what you know to be true

Student Resource

Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018

i. Avoid committing an overt lie-saying something that you know to

be false

ii. Avoid committing a covert lie-knowingly allowing others to

believe something that isn’t true

b. Respect the audience

i. Treat them as your equal

c. Prepare fully

i. Be thoroughly informed and knowledgeable of your topic

d. Put the audience first

i. Don’t ask audience to do anything illegal

ii. Understand and empathize with their needs

e. Be easy to understand

i. Talk at their level of understanding

f. Don’t turn words into weapons

i. Words can do psychological damage

g. Don’t spin

i. Don’t manipulate their reactions with half-truths and lies

h. Respect difference

i. Don’t assume all audience members see things the same way

i. Hold yourself accountable

i. Be morally accountable for your speech’s content

ii. Differentiate between fact and opinion

iii. Don’t commit plagiarism–presenting someone else’s ideas or

words as your own

aa. Attribute information used to source

bb. Indicate quote or paraphrase

cc. Use and credit a variety of sources

C. Speakers also have expectations of their audience members.

1. Audiences should give all ideas a fair hearing.

a. Do not prejudge speakers

b. Listen to the entire speech before forming an opinion

2. Be courteous, attentive, and react honestly

a. Listen and respond honesty and critically, not merely politely or blindly

b. Focus fully on ideas being presented

III. As a public speaker, it is imperative to think critically.

A. Critical thinking is the ability to explore an issue or situation, integrate all the available

information about it, arrive at a conclusion and validate a position

1. Both speakers and audiences need to be critical thinkers

2. Honest inquirers who do not accept information without weighting its value

B. Make sure to set speech goals prior to your speech.

1. Consider the speaker’s/listener’s motivations for being there

2. Think about degree to which speaker is speaking to serve their own interests

and interests of others

3. Reflect on degree to which your mind is open to receive speaker’s ideas

C. Speakers and receivers evaluate one another’s behavior, their own behavior and the

likely consequences of their behavior.

1. For every speech event, seek to determine

a. If honesty prevailed

b. If language was used ethically

c. If convictions were clearly expressed

d. If logical evidence was used

e. If emotional appeals added interest, but did not conceal the truth

f. If selfish interests were disclosed

D. At the conclusion of the speech process, the audience will assess outcomes and their

effects.

1. Was the speech a success? Why or why not?

2. How effective was the speechmaker?