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Student Resource
Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Lecture Notes
Chapter 3: Ethics and Public Speaking in a Global World
Learning Objectives
1-1 Explain how cultural understanding affects speakers and audiences.
1-2 Define and discuss the importance of ethics, identifying where you draw the line
when faced with specific ethical dilemmas.
1-3 Define plagiarism, explaining why it is an ethical issue.
1-4 Define critical thinking, explaining its significance for speakers and audiences.
1-5 Describe the relationship among ethics, critical thinking, and multiculturalism/cultural
understanding.
Outline
I. As a public speaker, it is imperative to respect different cultures.
A. Prepare yourself to speak in front of diverse audiences
1. Cultural diversity is the recognition and valuing of difference
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Race
d. Ethnicity
e. Ability
f. Religion
g. Education
h. Marital status
i. Sexual orientation
j. Income
B. Attune yourself to cultural differences.
1. The U.S. is quickly becoming a majority-minority country
Student Resource
Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
C. Assess your understanding of cultural diversity
1. Take cultural differences into account
D. Reflect on cultural values
1. Culture is the system of knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors and
artifacts that we learn, accept, and use in our daily lives
2. Co-cultures are composed of members of the same general culture who differ
in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.
a. LGBTQ
b. Arab Americans
c. The disabled
3. Marginalized groups are members that feel like outsiders
a. Passive approach is similar to assimilation
b. Assertive approach wants members of the dominant group to
accommodate their diversity.
c. Aggressive approach intensely defend their beliefs and traditions
4. When delivering a speech, be aware of different communication styles.
a. Individualistic cultures tend to use low-context communication
1. Address situations head-on
2. North Americans
b. Collectivistic cultures tend to use high-context communication
1. Avoid confrontation
2. Asian countries
E. Understand the cultural identities of your audience members.
1. Cultural identity is the internalization of culturally appropriate beliefs, values
and roles acquired through interacting with members of our cultural group.
2. It is also a product of our group memberships.
a. Gender
b. Age
c. Racial and ethnic identities
d. Religious identity
e. Socioeconomic identity
f. National identity
Student Resource
Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
3. Be aware that culture, economic and social class and gender of receivers might
influence the way audience members process the examples speakers employ.
4. Be aware of humor and how cultures process it
F. Consider preferred learning styles
1. Speakers need to be sensitive to how receivers prefer to learn and process
information.
a. Aural learner
b. Visual learner
c. Thinking-level learner
G. Understand differences to build bridges and confidence amongst your audience
members.
1. All cultures do not share the same communication rules
a. Avoid formulating expectations based solely on own culture
b. Make a commitment to develop speechmaking and listening skills
appropriate to life in the age of multiculturalism and globalization
i. Be a respectful and patient listener
ii. Engage and ask questions-rephrase if confusion persists
iii. Have empathy and imagine yourself in another’s shoes
II. As a public speaker, it is imperative to speak ethically.
A. Ethics express society’s notions about what is right or wrong
1. Is it an ethical breach to speak on a subject about whom you don’t personally
care?
2. Is it ethical to use a fabricated story to increase personal persuasiveness but
not tell the audience the story is made up?
3. Is it right to convince others to believe what you do not yourself believer?
4. Is it ethical to refuse to listen to a speaker you find offensive?
5. Ethical communication is honest and accurate
6. Ethical speechmaking has its basis in trust and respect for the speaker and
receivers
B. Audiences have a level of expectation for speakers.
1. Audiences are more likely to trust speakers of good character
a. Share only what you know to be true
Student Resource
Gamble, The Public Speaking Playbook, 2nd Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
i. Avoid committing an overt lie-saying something that you know to
be false
ii. Avoid committing a covert lie-knowingly allowing others to
believe something that isn’t true
b. Respect the audience
i. Treat them as your equal
c. Prepare fully
i. Be thoroughly informed and knowledgeable of your topic
d. Put the audience first
i. Don’t ask audience to do anything illegal
ii. Understand and empathize with their needs
e. Be easy to understand
i. Talk at their level of understanding
f. Don’t turn words into weapons
i. Words can do psychological damage
g. Don’t spin
i. Don’t manipulate their reactions with half-truths and lies
h. Respect difference
i. Don’t assume all audience members see things the same way
i. Hold yourself accountable
i. Be morally accountable for your speech’s content
ii. Differentiate between fact and opinion
iii. Don’t commit plagiarism-presenting someone else’s ideas or
words as your own
aa. Attribute information used to source
bb. Indicate quote or paraphrase
cc. Use and credit a variety of sources
C. Speakers also have expectations of their audience members.
1. Audiences should give all ideas a fair hearing.
a. Do not prejudge speakers
b. Listen to the entire speech before forming an opinion
2. Be courteous, attentive, and react honestly
a. Listen and respond honesty and critically, not merely politely or blindly
b. Focus fully on ideas being presented
III. As a public speaker, it is imperative to think critically.
A. Critical thinking is the ability to explore an issue or situation, integrate all the available
information about it, arrive at a conclusion and validate a position
1. Both speakers and audiences need to be critical thinkers
2. Honest inquirers who do not accept information without weighting its value
B. Make sure to set speech goals prior to your speech.
1. Consider the speaker’s/listener’s motivations for being there
2. Think about degree to which speaker is speaking to serve their own interests
and interests of others
3. Reflect on degree to which your mind is open to receive speaker’s ideas
C. Speakers and receivers evaluate one another’s behavior, their own behavior and the
likely consequences of their behavior.
1. For every speech event, seek to determine
a. If honesty prevailed
b. If language was used ethically
c. If convictions were clearly expressed
d. If logical evidence was used
e. If emotional appeals added interest, but did not conceal the truth
f. If selfish interests were disclosed
D. At the conclusion of the speech process, the audience will assess outcomes and their
effects.
1. Was the speech a success? Why or why not?
2. How effective was the speechmaker?
