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corresponding to units of study, or they can be written for term projects, which may take the
place of a final examination. Projects can take many forms—research papers, interviews, dramatic
productions, surveys, journals.
There are two advantages to such a plan. First, it demands student initiative in proposing
a course of study—a pleasant contrast to more passive types of assignments in which students
play less creative roles. Also, such a format allows students some latitude in choosing how to
channel their energies. Research and experience show that the quality of work and motivation
are higher when students work on subjects with a high degree of personal interest.
Two disadvantages often occur in the contract method. First, some tasks that students
choose may not focus on concepts that the instructor deems most important. However, this
difficulty can be remedied by defining acceptable areas of study—for example, “Develop a project
demonstrating three factors influencing perception and communication.” The second
disadvantage lies in the inability of some students to be self-motivated scholars. After being
trained for twelve or more years in the passive art of test taking, it is difficult to suddenly have to
define and pursue one’s own course of study.
Journal (Diary) Assignments
In place of examinations or as a complement to them, some instructors substitute journal
assignments in which students reflect on how topics under study apply to their personal lives.
Journals may either be graded or returned to the student for revisions until they are satisfactory.
The advantage of such an approach to evaluation lies in extending the concepts discussed
in the classroom into the student’s everyday relationships. The value of such applications is
obvious in a course designed to improve the participant’s communication skills.
One potential disadvantage lies in the failure of journals to focus clearly on key concepts
discussed in class. We think this problem can be remedied by assigning journals that concentrate
on specific topics, for example, “Record the number and types of destructive styles of conflict you
use during the next week.” Many assignments in the
Student Activities Manual and MindTap
follow this method; a collection of these from each chapter would make a substantial journal.
Most of the exercises labeled “Pause and Reflect” in the
Student Activities Manual
and
MindTap
are useful as journal entries.