978-1305580985 Chapter 16

Chapter 16 – Global Media: Communicating

Change

Chapter Outline

• World Media Systems Vary

• Five Political Theories Describe How World Media Operate

The Soviet Theory

The Authoritarian Theory

The Libertarian Theory

The Social Responsibility Theory

The Developmental Theory

• Western Europe and Canada Are Similar to the U.S.

Print Media

Broadcast Media

• Eastern Europe Is in Transition

Print Media

Broadcast Media

• Middle Eastern and North African Media Work Under Government

Controls

Print Media

Broadcast Media

• African Media Find a New Voice

Print Media

Broadcast Media

• Media Explode in Asia and the Pacific

Japan

Australia

India

People’s Republic of China

• Government, Corporations and Dynasties Control Latin American

and Caribbean Media

Print Media

Broadcast Media

• International New York Times Seeks a Global Audience

• Critics Cite Western Communications Bias

• Internet Expands Media’s Global Reach

• Mobile Media Open Communications Channels

• Reporters Risk Lives to Report World Events

• Global Media Chase International Consumers

• Ideas Transcend Borders

Suggested Activities, Discussions, and Exercises

1. Ask students to read three articles on media in a country of their choice.

Make sure each student is researching a different country. Then ask them

to summarize what they’ve learned and bring the articles to class. Group

students in regional discussion panels and ask each group to present its

findings about the region the group studied.

2. Invite at least one international student to class to discuss the media

system in his or her country. As an alternative, perhaps find a faculty

member from another country or one who has just returned from a trip

overseas and would be willing to share relevant information with your

students.

3. Assign the students to read an English-language news website published

outside the United States. Ask them to write a short paper explaining their

perception of the publication’s purpose, editorial content, design quality

and so on.

4. Assign students to each find and watch an entertainment television

program (sitcom, drama, non-news talk show) from another country. One

method to obtain these would be to go to www.youtube.com and search

for a country and genre (e.g. “German sitcom”). Advise them to make sure

to look for longer videos of at least 20 minutes. (This can be done in

YouTube with the filter tool after the initial search is performed.) Whether

the program is in English, subtitled in English, or not, ask them to watch

the full episode and read any information and comments about the show.

Have them share in class or in an online discussion how the program is

similar to, and different from, what they have watched in the United States.

5. Ask students to view a foreign-produced film and ask them to discuss, in

class or in a paper, how the film compares with American-produced films.

(Note, foreign films may be available for checkout from your university or

local library. They can be rented through a number of services including

Amazon Video, Google Play, and Netflix. They may be listed in genre

categories such as “”foreign,” “international,” and “world” movies.)

Activity Pages

Use the following activity pages as class handouts for exercises and to

accompany some of the classroom Ideas described above.

International Guest Speaker

Invite a student from another country (or perhaps a professor from another

country or one who has recently spent some time in another country) to class to

talk about the media in that country. Make up a list of questions for the speaker

(this suggested list is just to get you started), and ask the students to be prepared

to discuss their findings as a class or to write a brief paper.

• How do you properly spell (and pronounce,

if necessary) your name?

• What country do you come from/have you

recently visited?

• What has been your experience with your

country’s media?

• How does your country’s media compare

to U.S. media? In what ways is it similar?

How is it different?

• What kinds of newspapers exist in your

country? Tell us about the biggest ones to

the smallest. Do they practice U.S.–style

reporting principles of “balanced” reporting,

or are they more advocacy publications? Do

most people read newspapers in your

country? What are some of your favorite

newspapers? Why?

• What kinds of magazines exist in your

country? What are the most popular? How

often are they published? What topics do

they cover? What are some of your favorite

magazines? Why?

• What is television like in your country? Is

there more than one network? Is/are the

network(s) run by the government? What

programs can you watch there? Is there a lot

of American programming? Which

programs? Is there TV news? What is that

like? What are some of your favorite

programs? Is sports programming popular

on TV?

• What is radio like in your country? Are

there many stations/formats to choose from?

What do they broadcast? How is the music

broadcast differently? Are there disc

jockeys? Who are some of your favorite

program hosts? How is the news broadcast

differently? What is some of your favorite

music?

• What kinds of books are published in your

country? Is reading books a major activity in

your country? What kinds of books are

popular in your country? Can anyone have

their work published in your country, or are

there restrictions on certain types of material

allowed? What are some of your favorite

books?

• What kinds of movies are made/shown in

your country? Are there many theaters? Are

there many DVD players? Are they used to

transmit subversive or anti–government

information? What kinds of video rentals are

available there? What are some of your

favorite movies? Is video streaming

available?

• What kind of music is recorded and sold in

your country? What is the recording industry

like? Do people listen to CDs? Internet

downloads? What kinds of music do you like

best? Is most music pirated or purchased?

• What kinds of advertising are

allowed/prominent in your country? On what

media? What kinds of products are

advertised a lot? Why?

• What kinds of U.S. media do you like best?

Do you watch a lot of television? Listen to a

lot of music? Read a lot of books? What

kinds of each?

• Do you have access to Internet services in

your country? What do you use and how

often? Do you regularly communicate with

people from other countries or download

information from international sources?

Chapter 16 Quiz

Multiple Choice

1. The _____ theory of the press assumes that opposing viewpoints will be

heard.

a. social responsibility

b. cultural diversity

c. libertarian

d. marketplace of ideas

2. In most developing countries:

a. television is the most pervasive medium.

b. radio is the dominant .communications medium.

c. there are no magazines at all.

d. newspapers are widely read.

3. The print media model of fairness and balance in news coverage is

strongest in which of these countries?

a. China

b. France

c. Canada

d. Egypt

4. In Eastern Europe:

a. most media practitioners continue to be propagandists for the communist

regimes.

b. increased democratization is transforming media at an unprecedented pace.

c. most media systems are moving toward a U.S.-based model of libertarianism.

d. the new governments are nationalizing privately held broadcasting properties.

5. In the larger Arab states:

a. radio and television are almost completely owned by wealthy. individuals

within each country.

b. the oppositional press flourishes.

c. television stations typically broadcast from early morning until midnight.

d. the print media is widely read and is free of governmental control.

6. In Africa:

a. early print media were used as teaching aids to achieve greater literacy in the

region.

b. early print media were created to serve the colonists, not the local population.

c. television is a more important medium than print or radio.

d. the Internet has aided revolutionary movements throughout the continent.

7. NHK is:

a. the Japanese equivalent of the FCC in the United States.

b. a mixed system of privately owned and publicly held broadcast media.

c. the acronym of the largest national newspaper in Japan.

d. Japan’s largest public broadcasting corporation.

8. The People’s Republic of China:

a. imports most of its television programming from the West.

b. uses wired public loudspeakers instead of broadcasting to reach its people.

c. repealed press restrictions after the Tiananmen Square demonstrations in

1989.

d. has 10 times as many newspapers and magazines as there were in 1978, and

they have become more sensational.

9. In 2002, for the first time:

a. the number of radio receivers in the world exceeded the number of newspaper

subscribers.

b. the number of cell phones in the world exceeded the number of landline

phones.

c. the number of TV sets in the world exceeded the number of radios.

d. all of these are correct

10. Ethnocentric means:

a. media that promote and report on only one nation.

b. promoting the superiority of one ethnic group over another.

c. a centralized form of government-controlled mass media.

d. media entirely run by one specific ethnic group.

11. Rupert Murdoch controls 60 percent of which country’s newspaper

circulation?

a. Australia

b. U.S.A.

c. South Africa

d. the U.K.

12. During the anti-government demonstrations in Egypt’s Tahrir Square in

2011:

a. The government expanded Internet access.

b. Government officials encouraged social media, such as Twitter and Facebook.

c. The government encouraged coverage of the demonstrations by Al Jazeera.

d. The government shut down Internet access nationwide.

13. Access to the Internet in this region of the world is among the lowest:

a. Africa

b. Japan

c. China

d. Italy

14. According to the Impact / Convergence box, “Top 10 Countries with

Public Wireless Locations (Hot Spots),” in 2013 the country with the most

public hot spots is:

a. United States

b. Japan

c. China

d. South Korea

15. According to the Impact/Money box, “Top 10 Global Advertisers—

Annual Spending,” the top global marketer as of 2014 was:

a. McDonald’s.

b. General Motors.

c. Procter & Gamble.

d. Nestle.

True/False

1. Japan has fewer newspaper readers than any other nation.

2. In Great Britain, the media are allowed to comment on a trial while it is under

way.

3. One of the first targets of the revolutionary movements in Eastern Europe is

the nation’s broadcast facilities.

4. China is the world’s second-largest Internet market.

5. Eastern European nations developed their press policies following the Soviet

model.

Essay Questions

1. Briefly describe the role of advocacy or opinion in the print and radio

media of Africa.

2. How is the media environment as well as media ownership and operation

in Latin America distinguished from those media characteristics in most

other parts of the world?

3. Discuss the role of news agencies worldwide and more recent non–

Western news agencies in addressing a perceived imbalance in the

worldwide flow of news.

4. Discuss the four theories of the press offered by Siebert, Peterson and

Schramm, and the more recent developmental theory. Comment on which

system would be the easiest to work under as a journalist and the most

difficult. Explain your reasoning.

5. Explain how mobile phone, Internet, and other technologies are making

the world much smaller but also can be seen as a threat in some

countries.

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Part III: Additional Resources

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MindTap

Impact/Action Videos are concise news features on various topics created

exclusively for Media/Impact’s MindTap at www.cengagebrain.com.

Log on to MindTap for Media/Impact to access a variety of additional material—

including learning objectives, chapter readings with highlighting and note-taking,

Impact/Action Videos, activities, and comprehension quizzes—that will guide you

through each chapter.

Working the Web

This list includes both Web sites mentioned in the chapter as well as others to

give you greater insight into the subject of each chapter.

Chapter 1

AOL (formerly America Online) www.aol.com

CBS Corporation www.cbscorporation.com

Comcast Corporation www.comcast.com

Gannett Company www.gannett.com

News Corporation www.newscorp.com

21st Century Fox www.21cf.com

Sony Corporation of America (SCA) www.sony.com

Time Inc. www.timeinc.com

Time Warner Inc. www.timewarner.com

Tribune Media Company www.tribunemedia.com

Tribune Publishing www.tribpub.com

Twitter www.twitter.com

Viacom Incorporated www.viacom.com

The Walt Disney Company www.thewaltdisneycompany.com

YouTube www.youtube.com

Chapter 2

Amazon www.amazon.com

American Booksellers Association (ABA) www.bookweb.org

American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression (ABFFE)

www.bookweb.org/abfe

Association of American Publishers www.publishers.org

Barnes & Noble www.barnesandnoble.com

Biblio www.biblio.com

BookFinder www.bookfinder.com

IndieBound www.indiebound.org

Pearson Education www.pearson.com

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Reed Elsevier www.relxgroup.com

Scholastic Corporation www.scholastic.com

Chapter 3

American Society of News Editors (ASNE) www.asne.org

BuzzFeed www.buzzfeed.com

The Dallas Morning News www.dallasnews.com

Honolulu Star-Advertiser www.staradvertiser.com

La Opinión www.laopinion.com

Los Angeles Times www.latimes.com

The Miami Herald www.miamiherald.com

The New York Times www.nytimes.com

Newspaper Association of America (NAA) www.naa.org

Topix www.topix.net

The Washington Post www.washingtonpost.com

Chapter 4

AllYouCanRead.com www.allyoucanread.com

American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA) www.asja.org

The Cartoon Bank www.cartoonbank.com

Condé Nast Media Company www.condenast.com

The New Yorker www.newyorker.com

Folio: The Magazine for Magazine Management www.foliomag.com

Hearst Corporation www.hearst.com

MPA—The Association of Magazine Media www.magazine.org

Salon www.salon.com

Slate www.slate.com

Sports Illustrated www.si.com

Chapter 5

American Top 40 (AT40) with Ryan Seacrest www.at40.com

AOL Radio (formerly AOL Music) www.aolradio.slacker.com

Apple.com/iTunes www.apple.com/itunes

Billboard www.billboard.com

Billboard Business www.billboard.com/biz

Pandora Radio www.pandora.com

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) www.riaa.com

Rhapsody Inc. www.rhapsody.com

SoundCloud www.soundcloud.com

Universal Music Group (UMG) www.universalmusic.com

Chapter 6

The Broadcast Archive www.oldradio.com

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Radio-Canada www.cbc.ca/radio

CBS Radio www.cbsradio.com

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Friday Morning Quarterback (FMQB) www.fmqb.com

Inside Radio www.insideradio.com

National Public Radio www.npr.org

Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB) www.rab.com

Radio Lovers www.radiolovers.com

SiriusXM www.siriusxm.com

TuneIn www.tunein.com

Chapter 7

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences www.oscars.org

DEG Digital Entertainment Group www.degonline.org

Directors Guild of America www.dga.org

Internet Movie Database (IMDb) www.imdb.com

Lucasfilm www.lucasfilm.com

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and Motion Picture Association

(MPA) www.mpaa.org

Netflix www.netflix.com

Screenwriters Federation of America (SFA) www.screenwritersfederation.org

Sundance Institute www.sundance.org

Warner Bros. www.warnerbros.com

Chapter 8

CBS Television www.cbs.com

Disney/ABC Television Group www.disneyabcpress.com

HBO (Home Box Office) www.hbo.com

Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) www.iab.net

National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) www.nab.org

National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA) www.ncta.com

NBC www.nbc.com

Nielsen Media Research www.nielsen.com

Parental Guide www.parentalguide.org

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) www.pbs.org

Television Bureau of Advertising (TVB) www.tvb.org

TV.com www.tv.com

Chapter 9

Apple Inc. www.apple.com

CNET www.cnet.com

Digital Content Next (formerly the Online Publishers Association)

www.onlinepub.org

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) www.eff.org

Facebook www.facebook.com

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) www.ieee.org

Journal of Electronic Publishing (JEP) www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org

MIT Media Lab Project www.media.mit.edu

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Pew Internet, Science and Technology Project www.pewinternet.org

Pinterest www.pinterest.com

Reddit www.reddit.com

Skype www.skype.com

The Verge www.theverge.com

Vine www.vine.com

Chapter 10

Adrants www.adrants.com

Advertising Age www.adage.com

Advertising Council www.adcouncil.org

American Advertising Federation (AAF) www.aaf.org

American Association of Advertising Agencies www.aaaa.org

American Marketing Association (AMA) www.ama.org

Association of Hispanic Advertising Agencies (AHAA) www.ahaa.org

Clio Awards www.clioawards.com

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) www.ftc.gov

Forrester Research www.forrester.com

Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) www.iab.net

MediaPost Communications www.mediapost.com

Chapter 11

All About Public Relations www.aboutpublicrelations.net

Center for Media and Democracy (CMD) www.prwatch.org

Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) www.cipr.co.uk

Institute for Public Relations (IPR) www.instituteforpr.com

International Public Relations Association (IPRA) www.ipra.org

Online Public Relations www.online-pr.com

PR Newswire www.prnewswire.com

PRWeb www.prweb.com

PR Week www.prweek.com/us

Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) www.prsa.org

Public Relations Student Society of America (PRSSA) www.prssa.prsa.org

Chapter 12

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)

www.aejmc.org

American Journalism Historians Association (AJHA) www.ajha.wildapricot.org

American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA) www.asja.org

Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) www.revealnews.org

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) www.cpj.org

Cyberjournalist.net www.cyberjournalist.net

Fox Movietone News www.foxnews.com/on-air/movietone-news/index.html

Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE) www.ire.org

National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ) www.nabj.org

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National Association of Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ) www.nahj.org

National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA), aka Association of

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Journalists www.nlgja.org

Native American Journalists Association (NAJA) www.naja.com

Online News Association (ONA) www.journalists.org

Pew Research Center: Journalism and Media www.journalism.org

Pew Research Center: U.S. Politics and Policy www.people-press.org

Poynter Institute www.poynter.org

Talking Points Memo (TPM) www.talkingpointsmemo.com

UNITY: Journalists for Diversity www.unityjournalists.org

Vanderbilt Television News Archive www.tvnews.vanderbilt.edu

Chapter 13

Benton Foundation www.benton.org

Center on Media and Child Health (CMCH) www.cmch.tv

C-SPAN www.c-span.org

Joan Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy (Harvard

University) www.shorensteincenter.org

MediaSmarts www.mediasmarts.ca

Media Effects Research Lab (MERL) at Penn State University

http://comm.psu.edu/research/centers/medialab

Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC) at Howard University

www.library.howard.edu/MSRC

National Journal www.nationaljournal.com

National Press Club www.press.org

Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University

www.nieman.harvard.edu

University of Iowa Department of Communication Studies: Political

Communication and Campaigns www.clas.uiowa.edu/commstudies/political-

communication-campaigns

Washington Center for Politics and Journalism www.wcpj.org

Chapter 14

American Booksellers for Free Expression (ABFE Group at ABA)

www.bookweb.org/abfe

American Library Association (ALA) www.ala.org

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) www.fcc.gov

FindLaw www.findlaw.com

Index (Index on Censorship) www.indexoncensorship.org

Institute for Nonprofit News (INN; formerly the Investigative News Network)

www.inn.org

International Media Lawyers Association (IMLA)

www.internationalmedialawyers.org

Media Center at New York Law School

www.nyls.edu/media_center/media_law_and_policy/

Media Law Resource Center (MLRC) www.medialaw.org

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National Freedom of Information Coalition (NFOIC) www.nfoic.org

ProPublica www.propublica.org

Silha Center for the Study of Media Ethics and Law (University of Minnesota)

www.silha.umn.edu/

Student Press Law Center (SPLC) www.splc.org

WikiLeaks www.wikileaks.org

Chapter 15

Center for Journalism Ethics www.ethics.journalism.wisc.edu

College Media Association (CMA) www.collegemedia.org

Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) www.cjr.org

EthicNet, European Ethics Codes www.ethicnet.uta.fi/

Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) www.fair.org

Freedom Forum www.newseuminstitute.org/freedom-forum/

Journalism Ethics Cases Online www.journalism.indiana.edu/resources/ethics/

National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) www.nppa.org

Poynter Online www.poynter.org

Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA; formerly Radio-Television

News Director Association) www.rtdna.org

Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) www.spj.org

Chapter 16

BBC News www.bbc.com

Foreign Policy Magazine www.foreignpolicy.com

Global Media Journal (GMJ) www.globalmediajournal.com

Global Online Video Association www.gova.cc

International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR)

www.iamcr.org

International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) www.icfj.org

International New York Times www.international.nytimes.com

International News Media Association (INMA) www.inma.org

International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF) www.iwmf.org

Internews www.internews.org

Reporters Without Borders www.rsf.org

Worldpress.org www.worldpress.org