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c. S
NP VP
d. S
NP VP
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EXERCISE 6.5: COMPLEMENTIZER CLAUSES
a. S
NP VP
b. S
NP VP
COMP CLAUSE (NP)
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c. S
NP VP
COMP CLAUSE (NP)
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EXERCISE 6.6: INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
1. Identify infinitive phrases as nominal or adverbials.
a. to work out five times a week = nominal
3. Identify –ing forms as part of gerund or participial phrases.
a. taking my first linguistics class = gerund phrase
EXERCISE 6.7: TRANSFORMATIONS
1. In AAE, wh-questions are created by fronting the wh-form to the front
2. To create an indirect question in AAE, the embedded clause is
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Chapter 7: Semantics
EXERCISE 7.3: SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
1. Students’ answers will vary.
2. Students’ answers will vary.
3. Students should provide a list of lexical semantic relationships such as
4. top executive
5. hardball tactics
15. tripping over words
16. stupid
17. showcase skills
27. conceive (an idea)
28. Students’ answers will vary, but here are some possible responses.
a. fresh idea, stale idea, digest an idea, swallow an idea, chew on an idea,
b. valuable idea, marketplace of ideas, buy or sell an idea, take stock or
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c. poorly- or well-constructed idea, think tank, shelve an idea, promote
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Chapter 8: Spoken Discourse
EXERCISE 8.1: SPEECH ACTS
1. For the following answers, the numbers (1), (2), and (3) correspond as
follows:
(1) The grammatical form of the utterance: declarative, interrogative,
We have provided one possible answer; there may be other
possibilities, especially with illocutionary act.
a. “Do you know when the final exam is?”
(1) Interrogative
b. “Could I have a beer and a chicken sandwich?”
(1) Interrogative
c. “Is Carol home?” (on the phone)
(1) Interrogative
d. “I was wondering what the homework was for tomorrow.”
(1) Declarative
e. “Please don’t leave.”
(1) Imperative
f. “Where is El Paso?”
(1) Interrogative
g. “I need help putting on these cufflinks.”
(1) Declarative
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Illocutionary act: Either a descriptive statement (representative)
about the speaker’s need for help with the cufflinks (if, for
example, the speaker is not trying to put them on at that moment),
or a request (directive) for the addressee to help the speaker put on
the cufflinks.
(3) Direct/Indirect
h. “Do you have ten dollars that I could borrow?”
(1) Interrogative
i. “Do you think I’m fat?”
(1) Interrogative
j. “I was hoping you could call me tonight.”
(1) Declarative
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k. “I need two pounds of salami.” (while standing in front of the deli
counter at the supermarket)
(1) Declarative
l. “Thanks a lot.”
(1) Declarative
2. Explain the required circumstances for each of the following.
a. If we imagine that the ketchup is potentially out of Justin’s father’s
b. Paul has just said something like, “I think I may have lost feeling in
3. Describe three possible illocutionary acts.
a. “I will call the doctor.”
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b. “Can I use your cell phone to make a call to Mexico?”
c. “I hear that is a great movie.”
d. “Has the muffler fallen off your car?”
4. One could argue that an indirect statement such as “Elephants will fly
5. Students’ responses will vary.
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6. Outline the relevant felicity conditions.
a. Felicity conditions for an expression of thanks.
b. Felicity conditions for an expression of congratulations.
Chapter 9: Stylistics
EXERCISE 9.5: POETICS
1. The meter is usually trochaic but with abbreviated tetrameter lines, so
that nearly every line ends on a stressed syllable:
But the spoken rhythm of the poem can vary to some degree—here’s one
interpretation:
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2. Students’ answers about the interpretive value of the rhymes may vary,