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15 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—KINEMATIC
SURVEYS
Asterisks indicate problems that have partial answers given in Appendix G.
15.1* What are the two types of kinematic survey?
15.2 What are the commonalities between a static and kinematic survey?
15.3 What is the main difference between a static survey and a kinematic survey?
15.4 Why are kinematic surveys vulnerable to poor observation conditions?
15.5 What items should be included in planning for a kinematic survey?
15.6* How much error in horizontal position occurs if the antenna is mounted on a 2.000 m pole
that is 10 min out of level?
15.7 Do Problem 15.6, but this time assume the level is 20 min out of level.
206264.82,000 = ±7.6 mm
(*)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
15.8 How much error in vertical position occurs with the situation described in Problem 15.6?
15.9 How much error in the vertical position occurs if the GNSS antenna is mounted on a 2.000
m pole that is 20 min out of level?
15.10* Why should the radio antenna at the base station be mounted as high as possible?
15.11 A storm front passes over the base station, which is 4 km away from the rover. Why should
the GNSS survey be stopped until the same front passes over the rover?
15.12 Why should a control station be established at the start of the kinematic survey?
15.13 Why is a 2-m rod recommended for the roving receiver?
15.14 What are autonomous coordinates?
From Section 15.6, paragraph 2: “When no reference station is available for the base, it
can be started using autonomous coordinates. These coordinates are simply the code-
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
15.15 The manufacturer-specified accuracy for a PPK survey is ±(10 mm + 1 ppm) at 68%
probability. What is the 95% error for a control baseline that is 3 km long, which is
observed using the stop-and-go method?
15.16 What items on the survey controller indicate that the satellites may be obstructed?
15.17 What is the difference between the true kinematic mode and the stop-and-go mode of data
collection?
15.18* What frequencies found in RTK radios require licensure?
15.19 What is localization of a survey?
15.20 How can an RTK survey become a PPK survey?
15.21 An RTN survey is being performed where the closest physical base station is 40 km away
from the project area. It estimated horizontal precision is ±(8 mm + 0.5 ppm). What is the
95% horizontal precision using the stop-and-go methods?
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
15.22 What three surveying elements are needed in machine guidance and control?
From Section 15.10:
15.23 What errors are modeled in a VRS?
15.24 What is the current broadcast ephemeris coordinate reference frame?
15.25 Why should a geoid model be included in the localization process?
15.26 What factors may determine the best location for a base station in a RTK survey?
15.27 Why is the use of an RTN discouraged in machine guidance and control applications?
15.28* How many total pseudorange observations will be observed using a 1-sec epoch rate for
a total of 3 min with 12 usable satellites?
15.29 How many pseudorange observations will be observed using a 1-sec epoch rate for a total
of 5 min with 10 usable satellites?
15.30 Why are laser levels used in machine guidance and control?
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
15.31 Why should periods of PDOP spikes be avoided in a kinematic survey?
15.32 Why should fixed height tripods or rods be used in a kinematic survey?
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
