978-0134604657 Chapter 15

15 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—KINEMATIC

SURVEYS

Asterisks indicate problems that have partial answers given in Appendix G.

15.1* What are the two types of kinematic survey?

15.2 What are the commonalities between a static and kinematic survey?

15.3 What is the main difference between a static survey and a kinematic survey?

15.4 Why are kinematic surveys vulnerable to poor observation conditions?

15.5 What items should be included in planning for a kinematic survey?

15.6* How much error in horizontal position occurs if the antenna is mounted on a 2.000 m pole

that is 10 min out of level?

15.7 Do Problem 15.6, but this time assume the level is 20 min out of level.

206264.82,000 = ±7.6 mm

(*)

15.8 How much error in vertical position occurs with the situation described in Problem 15.6?

15.9 How much error in the vertical position occurs if the GNSS antenna is mounted on a 2.000

m pole that is 20 min out of level?

15.10* Why should the radio antenna at the base station be mounted as high as possible?

15.11 A storm front passes over the base station, which is 4 km away from the rover. Why should

the GNSS survey be stopped until the same front passes over the rover?

15.12 Why should a control station be established at the start of the kinematic survey?

15.13 Why is a 2-m rod recommended for the roving receiver?

15.14 What are autonomous coordinates?

From Section 15.6, paragraph 2: “When no reference station is available for the base, it

can be started using autonomous coordinates. These coordinates are simply the code-

15.15 The manufacturer-specified accuracy for a PPK survey is ±(10 mm + 1 ppm) at 68%

probability. What is the 95% error for a control baseline that is 3 km long, which is

observed using the stop-and-go method?

15.16 What items on the survey controller indicate that the satellites may be obstructed?

15.17 What is the difference between the true kinematic mode and the stop-and-go mode of data

collection?

15.18* What frequencies found in RTK radios require licensure?

15.19 What is localization of a survey?

15.20 How can an RTK survey become a PPK survey?

15.21 An RTN survey is being performed where the closest physical base station is 40 km away

from the project area. It estimated horizontal precision is ±(8 mm + 0.5 ppm). What is the

95% horizontal precision using the stop-and-go methods?

15.22 What three surveying elements are needed in machine guidance and control?

From Section 15.10:

15.23 What errors are modeled in a VRS?

15.24 What is the current broadcast ephemeris coordinate reference frame?

15.25 Why should a geoid model be included in the localization process?

15.26 What factors may determine the best location for a base station in a RTK survey?

15.27 Why is the use of an RTN discouraged in machine guidance and control applications?

15.28* How many total pseudorange observations will be observed using a 1-sec epoch rate for

a total of 3 min with 12 usable satellites?

15.29 How many pseudorange observations will be observed using a 1-sec epoch rate for a total

of 5 min with 10 usable satellites?

15.30 Why are laser levels used in machine guidance and control?

15.31 Why should periods of PDOP spikes be avoided in a kinematic survey?

15.32 Why should fixed height tripods or rods be used in a kinematic survey?