In the Booker decision, the justices said that sentencing guidelines are:
a. mandatory.
b. discretionary.
c. ridiculous.
d. binding.
Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of:
a. an increase of youthful male offenders.
b. overcrowding.
c. lax correctional supervision.
d. inappropriate sexuality behind bars.
Elizabeth Farnham, head matron of the women’s wing at Sing Sing from 1844″1848,
tried to implement reform ideas for female prisoners and:
a. was able to achieve limited success.
b. was met with resistance from the community.
c. was largely ignored by the community.
d. was thwarted by male overseers and legislators.
Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males.
These include:
a. where police patrol.
b. the cost of bail.
c. the ability to hire a private attorney.
d. all of these.
We have spatial concentration in the United States because neighborhoods are:
a. poor.
b. integrated.
c. assimilated.
d. segregated.
During the last 25 years the Supreme Court has been __________ prisoners’ rights.
a. less supportive of
b. more supportive of
c. detached from
d. less indifferent
An institution’s main contact with the outside world is:
a. the line staff.
b. the professional staff.
c. the inmates.
d. the warden.
The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is:
a. England.
b. France.
c. Egypt.
d. the United States.
Each year approximately ___________ correctional staff members are assaulted by
inmates.
a. 18,000
b. 5,000
c. 10,000
d. 25,000
The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:
a. natural law.
b. lex talionis.
c. secular law.
d. benefit of clergy.
Half of those entering state prisons are ________years old.
a. between 25 and 32
b. younger than 18
c. between 18 and 27
d. older than 35
Racist __________ have become part of the inmate code and is sometimes forced upon
inmates merely by association.
a. attitudes
b. education
c. rehabilitation
d. affiliation
Between 1970 and 2005 the U.S. prison population grew by:
a. 175 percent.
b. 400 percent.
c. 700 percent.
d. 550 percent.
The belief that executions of wrongdoers deters others from committing the crime
reflects:
a. a moral belief.
b. a utilitarian belief.
c. an incapacitative belief.
d. a restorative belief.
Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as
justifying abridgements of an inmate’s constitutional rights?
a. The maintenance of stable prison populations
b. The maintenance of institutional order
c. The maintenance of institutional security
d. The rehabilitation of inmates
A majority of all state prisoners throughout the country are housed in __________
prisons.
a. maximum security
b. medium security
c. minimum security
d. super max
The community justice strategy of __________ seeks to change places where crime
occurs.
a. restorative justice
b. community policing
c. environmental crime prevention
d. all of these
The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with:
a. winning.
b. offenders.
c. victims.
d. safety.
One of the ways a corrections staff member can insulate themselves against civil
lawsuits is to:
a. keep good records.
b. get a mentor.
c. follow institutional procedures.
d. all of these.
Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative
justice programs result in greater _________for both victims and offenders.
a. fairness
b. satisfaction
c. frustration
d. disappointment
Elizabeth Fry was instrumental in the women’s prison movement and advocated for
which of the following:
a. useful employment of prisoners
b. separation of sexes
c. classification systems for inmates
d. All of these
People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want:
a. bad guys off their streets.
b. bad guys sent to prison.
c. for people not to go to prison.
d. to move out of their neighborhoods.
No one can dispute the __________ impact of the prison system’s growth on young
men of color.
a. underwhelming
b. insignificant
c. disparate
d. equitable
The word best used to describe the action taken on people who fail on parole is:
a. suspended.
b. terminated.
c. revoked.
d. monitored.
The social costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially
by:
a. working-class families.
b. suburban communities.
c. men.
d. minority communities.
Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the:
a. 1950s.
b. 1960s.
c. 1970s.
d. 1980s.
Corrections’ main resource is:
a. money.
b. power.
c. personnel.
d. law.
Sentencing guidelines are designed to:
a. reduce disparity in sentencing for similar offenses
b. increase and decrease punishments for certain offenders and offenses
c. reduce prison overcrowding
d. all of these
The number of items that a prisoner may purchase or receive through legitimate
channels ____________from state to state and from facility to facility:
a. is similar
b. is constitutionally determined
c. differs
d. are the same
Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care
and nutrition, theft of personal property and the denial of basic rights:
a. Cooper v. Pate
b. Terry v. Ohio
c. Carroll v US
d. Gregg v GA
Approximately what percent of women released from incarceration have nowhere to go
and must find a place to live?
a. 10 to 20 percent
b. 60 to 70 percent
c. 30 to 50 percent
d. 80 to 90 percent
Recent sociological studies have demonstrated that:
a. employers are hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison.
b. employers are more likely to do a background check on young African American
men.
c. young African American men are barred from many forms of employment.
d. employers are both hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison and are more
likely to do a background check on young African American men.
A management principle that holds that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a
limited number of subordinates is known as:
a. chain of command.
b. span of control.
c. circle of control.
d. unity of command.
Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during
the Enlightenment Period.
a. Political conservatives
b. independents
c. religious groups
d. political liberals
Private enterprise has __________ played a role in American corrections.
a. never
b. always
c. sometimes
d. only recently
The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest balance of pleasure over
pain and that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to
outweigh the pain is called _______________.
The presence of gangs organized along racial lines contributes to violence in prison.
In recent years, women who were sexually _________ or assaulted brought class-action
suits against correctional institutions/officials.
An_________ is anything that enhances the inmates’ creature comforts such as food,
bedding, and recreational opportunities.
Many states have removed educational and recreations amenities from their institutions.
___________, ____________, and ____________are usually cited as the reasons for
keeping the death penalty.
In 1970, the U.S. Supreme Court granted inmates certain limited ______________.
Prison administrators use institutional programs to help manage ________.
A strategy to redirect funds currently spent on prisons to community public safety
projects is ______________________.
The most important issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with
prison overcrowding.
Half of all people placed in jail were under the influence of ___________ and
_____________ at the time of arrest.
One of the major reasons England and Europe resorted to sending offenders to the New
World was that their prisons and houses of corrections were filled to overflowing.
Corrections has one clear primary goal.
The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.
According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas:
managing the correctional organization, working with offenders, and ___________.