Characters are more likely to exhibit continuous variation when
a. there are no environmental effects.
b. they are affected by alleles at more than one locus.
c. inheritance is blending rather than particulate.
d. there are only two alleles.
Which of the following is true of chromosomes?
a. Hereditary material is contained in the chromosomes.
b. Chromosomes come in tetrads.
c. Two chromosomes from each homologous pair are passed on to daughter cells during
meiosis.
d. One chromosome from each homologous pair is passed on to daughter cells during
mitosis.
In contemporary foraging societies,
a. there is a great deal of sexual dimorphism.
b. there is increased competition between males for females who are good at extractive
foraging.
c. males make substantial investments in their offspring by sharing food.
d. females are solely responsible for the food needed to feed children.
The Central Inuit, who inhabited the Canadian Arctic, made a living by
a. hunting and fishing.
b. foraging for nuts and fruit.
c. farming.
d. raising cattle.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, geneticists
a. thought that inheritance was fundamentally discontinuous.
b. argued that Mendelian genetics supported Darwin’s idea that adaptation occurs
through the accumulation of small variations.
c. agreed that evolution proceeded by the gradual accumulation of small changes.
d. believed that genes had no discernible effect on phenotypes.
________ occurs when members of a given group of organisms do NOT successfully
mate with organisms of the same species outside of their group.
a. Monogamy
b. Gene flow
c. Reproductive isolation
d. Microevolution
Compared with humans, after weaning chimpanzees are
a. more dependent upon their mothers for food.
b. apt to share food more extensively with each other.
c. more self-sufficient at food acquisition.
d. no different at food acquisition.
The average Neanderthal brain size was about
a. 2,000 cc.
b. 1,520 cc.
c. 1,000 cc.
d. 500 cc.
During the human Cultural Revolution, innovations included
a. construction of elaborate shelters.
b. living in caves.
c. Mode 3 technology.
d. independent problem solving.
Modern human skulls are characterized by
a. an angled occipital.
b. a low, retreating forehead.
c. a small nasal aperture (nose).
d. robust postcranial bones.
Mutualistic behaviors
a. are common in nature when animals work together.
b. are rare because “slacking” is often profitable for individuals, not groups.
c. involve only kin and never unrelated individuals.
d. are profitable for the actor but not the recipient.
Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans in the Middle East
a. have an ancestor”descendant relationship.
b. lived side-by-side for thousands of years.
c. did not overlap in time.
d. are almost indistinguishable in their anatomy.
The fossil haplorrhines and the propliopithecids
a. were nocturnal.
b. had claws.
c. had a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.
d. had a 2.2.4.4 dental formula.
It is generally agreed that complex adaptations
a. evolve slowly.
b. can evolve in short amounts of time.
c. do not evolve by natural selection.
d. arise in ways we cannot understand.
The advantage of outbreeding over inbreeding, and why inbreeding is avoided in
humans and other primates, is that
a. it reduces the risk of the expression of deleterious alleles.
b. it reduces the risk of heterozygosity.
c. it increases the likelihood of the expression of deleterious alleles.
d. it increases the likelihood of homozygosity.
Influential nineteenth-century scientists like Charles Darwin concluded that the
complex adaptations we see in plants and animals are problematic and require a special
explanation because
a. a divine creator designed them.
b. it is very unlikely that they arose by random chance alone.
c. they occur in most plants and animals.
d. they have no real function.
Upper Paleolithic technology included
a. the introduction of hand axes and chopper tools.
b. the introduction of Levallois flake technology.
c. the introduction of blade technology and new raw materials such as bone.
d. the first use of fire to cook food.
Which of the following statements concerning climate change is correct?
a. Because Pangaea was so large, it probably had much colder winter weather than Asia
does today.
b. Because Pangaea was so large, it facilitated the circulation of water from the tropics
to the poles.
c. Cold areas of the world today, such as Alaska, were always cold.
d. Europe was never tropical.
Which of the following is true of the contribution of calories from foraging among
contemporary foraging groups?
a. Individuals of all ages contribute equally to the group’s diet.
b. Men contribute a net surplus of food.
c. Women contribute a net surplus of food.
d. Children contribute nothing at all.
Which of the following skeletal features indicate arboreal adaptations?
a. Long lower limbs
b. Eyes moved toward the side of the head
c. Curved fingers and toes
d. Reliance on the sense of smell
For most primates reproductive success of a primate female depends largely on
a. group size and composition.
b. her ability to acquire nutritive resources.
c. her ability to coerce males into investing in offspring.
d. male protection.
Which of the following contributes to the endangerment of primates?
a. Infanticide
b. Subsistence foraging
c. Biomedical research
d. Small-scale agricultural projects
Observational learning occurs when
a. an older individual actively helps the young to learn, for example, by manipulating
their hands.
b. the activity of older animals indirectly increases the chances that the young will learn
the behavior on their own.
c. young animals use older animals as behavioral models.
d. older animals teach younger animals to be social.
By definition, altruistic behaviors
a. incur a cost to the recipient.
b. incur a cost to the actor.
c. result in a benefit to the actor.
d. are beneficial to the recipient and the actor.
In primates, territoriality occurs when
a. females defend food or males defend access to females.
b. females defend access to males or males defend food.
c. males defend access to both food and females.
d. females defend access to both food and males.
Compared with the haplorrhines, the strepsirrhines
a. retain many ancestral characters.
b. are typically quite large in body size.
c. have evolved numerous adaptations that suit their diurnal lifestyle.
d. have more fully developed traits related to increased complexity of behavior.
Imagine a population where A = .2 and a = .8. Assuming random mating, what is the
frequency of each genotype among the zygotes of the next generation?
a. AA = .2, Aa = 0, and aa = .8
b. AA = .40, Aa = .16, and aa = .44
c. AA = .04, Aa = .32, and aa = .64
d. AA = .40, Aa = .30, and aa = .60
When all females have high fecundity, a population can be driven to extinction. This
occurs because of
a. natural selection.
b. convergence.
c. blending inheritance.
d. continuous variation.
In most promiscuously mating primate species that live in multimale, multifemale
groups, mothers share 50% of their genes with their offspring. Different offspring of the
same female are likely to share what percentage of their genes with each other?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 100%
________ dating determines an accurate age of single rock crystals.
a. Carbon-14
b. Thermoluminescence
c. Electron-spin-resonance
d. Argon”argon
Primates are found mainly in tropical regions. In tropical environments,
a. daily temperatures fluctuate dramatically.
b. seasonal changes are virtually nonexistent.
c. primate foods are affected more by seasonal changes due to rainfall than by those due
to temperature.
d. primate foods are affected more by temperature than by rainfall.
When comparing the abilities of 2-year-old humans with chimpanzees and orangutans
of all ages, researchers concluded that humans and great apes differ in terms of tasks
that involve
a. physical cognition.
b. social cognition.
c. the ecological world.
d. morphological characteristics.