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In its purest form, __________ theory argues that even crimes such as murder, rape, and
assault are only bad or evil because people label them as such.
a. social control
b. social reaction
c. social structure
d. social process
Instrumental theorists consider it essential to __________ law and justicethat is, to
unmask its true purpose.
a. decertify
b. demystify
c. debunk
d. decode
The presence of strain is said to lock people into an independent ___________ with
unique values and beliefs.
a. subculture
b. division
c. reality
d. schism
Which statement reflects structuring criminality based on economic need?
a. Career offenders have learned when to take a chance and when to be cautious.
b. Offenders commit crime because they may know people who have made "big
scores."
c. Criminals appear to be impulsive.
d. Offenders may commit crime when the "right target" presents itself.
The NCVS annually samples more than 40,000 _________ in order to estimate crime
victimization.
a. juveniles
b. households
c. police departments
d. offenders
Which of the following is false about transnational organized crime?
a. It usually does not include drug sales but is more inclined to commit business-related
crimes.
b. It is usually structured along hierarchical lines.
c. Groups are quick and effective in controlling and disciplining members.
d. They do not include terror organizations.
Defacers are typically members of an extensive social network who are eager to
demonstrate their reasons for hacking and often leave calling cards, greetings, and
taunts on the webpages they corrupt.
a. True
b. False
Survey research involves _____, which is the process of selecting for study a limited
number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing similar
characteristics, called the population.
a. locating
b. measuring
c. sampling
d. sectioning
The criminal investigation division of the EPA investigates which of the following
crimes?
a. Mail fraud
b. Wire fraud
c. Illegal disposal of hazardous waste
d. All of the above
Governor Smith is interested in overhauling the criminal justice system in his state. He
realizes that this is a huge endeavor and will need the help of many experts in the field
who make up the agencies of social control. He begins assembling his team to look at
crime and the criminal justice system in his state.
The lawyers on his team believe that acts prohibited by the criminal law constitute
behaviors considered unacceptable and impermissible. They believe that government
should achieve a number of social goals when outlawing certain behaviors. Which
common goal is said to have been met by applying criminal punishments that are
designed to prevent crimes before they occur?
a. Enforcing social control
b. Discouraging revenge
c. Teaching moral values
d. Deterring criminal behavior
Life course theorists seek to understand why people enter a criminal way of life and,
once they do, why they alter the trajectory of their criminal involvement.
a. True
b. False
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school
but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going
to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than
furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making
minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred
is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they
would need to improve the effectiveness of crime _________________, which are
people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be
criminals.
a. abolishers
b. blockers
c. discouragers
d. preventers
Critical criminologist who focuses on state (organized) crime contends that a
government might go to war to support the capitalist classes who need the wealth and
resources of other nations.
a. True
b. False
Surveys reveal that ____ percent of the general public have been victimized by crime at
least once in their lives.
a. 25
b. 55
c. 75
d. 95
Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which
type of crimes?
a. White-collar crimes
b. Environmental crimes
c. War crimes
d. Predatory street crimes
Mala prohibitum crimes, such as traffic offenses and gambling violations, change
according to social conditions and attitudes. Criminal law is used to codify these
changes, reflecting which purpose of law?
a. Enforcing social control
b. Creating equity
c. Expressing public opinion and morality
d. Maintaining social order
One of Gloria's regular clients likes to participate in an outlawed paraphilia that
involves deriving pleasure from receiving pain from Gloria and inflicting pain on her as
well. This is called _______.
a. sadomasochism
b. exhibitionism
c. frotteurism
d. voyeurism
Locking gates and putting unbreakable glass on storefronts are examples of crime
discouragers.
a. True
b. False
______________ involves using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers,
or both, on a regular basis.
a. Chiseling
b. Notching
c. Carving
d. Scoring
Until about 50 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive
targets who were considered to be in the "wrong place at the wrong time."
a. True
b. False
Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?
a. Because schools lack adult supervision during class times
b. Because schools are populated by teenage males
c. Because schools lack adult supervision during lunch hours
d. Because schools are populated by antisocial teens
Racial disparity in the criminal justice system helps put minority group members at a
disadvantage, increasing the likelihood that they will become embedded in criminal
careers.
a. True
b. False
Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are
______.
a. more likely to be depressed and suicidal as they mature
b. more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature
c. more likely to suffer mental impairment as they mature
d. more likely to engage in violent crime as they mature
If Catherine's criminal behavior began with minor behavior (shoplifting, lying) and
eventually escalated to more serious forms of criminality, such as using stolen credit
cards or dealing drugs, she most likely would be considered as taking which of the
following pathways?
a. Covert
b. Authority conflict
c. Overt
d. Avoidance
Edward Alsworth coined this term to describe the kind of person who hides behind his
or her image as a pillar of the community to get personal gain through any means
necessary.
a. Criminaloid
b. Poacher
c. Chameleon
d. Situational offender
One of the biggest problems with deterring and penalizing election fraud is that U.S.
criminal code fails to mention election fraud as a specific crime, and instead includes it
with white-collar crimes and green-collar crimes.
a. True
b. False
Nolle prosequi refers to the notion of "no prosecution," or cases in which the state has
so much evidence against the defendant that a trial is not needed in order to convict the
accused.
a. True
b. False
Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society
consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?
a. Consensus view of crime
b. Conflict view of crime
c. Interactionist view of crime
d. Legalistic view of crime
Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had
it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?
a. Denial of injury
b. Denial of the victim
c. Appeal to higher loyalties
d. Denial of responsibility
It is estimated that the revenue generated from adult sites each year is greater than all
movie box office sales and the combined income of ABC, NBC, and CBS.
a. True
b. False
According to research in the text by Shelley, globalization consists of two elements;
electronic and state organized.
a. True
b. False
Over the past decades, it has been shown that criminological research has been
influenced by government funding linked to topics the government wants researched
and topics the government wishes to avoid.
a. True
b. False
Organizational or corporate crime involves illegal business practices such as price
fixing, restraint of trade, and false advertising.
a. True
b. False
A ____________ occurs when negative information is spread online about a stock,
driving down its price and enabling people to buy it at an artificially low price.
Behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of society and
challenges its accepted moral principles are called __________________
A link between drugs and violence known as a _________________ link occurs when
drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs.
_______________ theory refers to the view that criminality is a function of people's
interactions with various organizations, institutions, and practices in society.
The ___________________________ Act of 1998 became the first federal statute that
made identity theft a crime.
_____________________ refers to the process whereby values, beliefs, and traditions
are handed down from one generation to the next.
Explain what is meant by the term repeat victimization and what factors are associated
with repeat victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary
A written accusation returned by a grand jury charging an individual with a specified
crime based on the prosecutor's demonstration of probable cause is known as ______.
One of the newer aspects of critical criminology is left realism. What are the concerns
of left realism criminologists and how does left realism differ from other critical
theories?
Answer:Answers will vary.
A _______ is an act deemed socially harmful or dangerous and is prohibited under the
criminal law.
Extorting money from an Internet service user by threatening to prevent the user from
having access to the service is called a _______________________
The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love,
respect, and affection is known as ______.
Discuss how criminologists' views about the role of victims and criminal behavior have
changed over time.
Answer:Answers will vary.
First proposed by Akers in collaboration with Burgess in the 1960s,
_________________ theory is a version of social learning theory that employs both
differential association concepts and elements of psychological learning theory.
Compare and contrast the social learning view and genetics view of drug dependency
and drug usage.
Answer:Answers will vary
Referencing the social ecology of victimization, when and where is a crime most likely
to happen?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how race and racism are viewed in critical criminology.
Answer:Answers will vary.
