By the eighteenth century, three separate groups of property criminals were active;
these were skilled thieves, smugglers, and poachers.
a. True
b. False
Lockhead Martin, the world’s largest aerospace company, announced it detected a
significant cyber attack against its information systems that was thwarted. According to
the text, this is an example of _______.
a. cyberespionage
b. cyberspying
c. cybervandalism
d. cyberterrorism
In paternalistic families, mothers assume the traditional role as breadwinners, which
leads to interpersonal crimes such as domestic violence and simple assaults among
family members.
a. True
b. False
Cohen’s theory of delinquent subcultures focuses on social conditions that prevent
lower-class youths from achieving success legitimately. Cohen labels this form of
culture conflict ______.
a. success frustration
b. status frustration
c. social frustration
d. lower-class delinquent frustration
John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy
called “behavior reshaping” in which juveniles are displaced from the antisocial peers
which increase their criminal offending.
a. True
b. False
Workplace violence is now considered the second leading cause of occupational injury
or death.
a. True
b. False
Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path which places them
outside the norm for their age group are called ______.
a. abstainers
b. absentee criminals
c. non-utilitarians
d. double marginalizationers
Preemptive deterrence refers to efforts to prevent crime through community
organization and youth involvement.
a. True
b. False
Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions, and social norms as
they mature and develop. This process is referred to as ______.
a. integration
b. socialization
c. assimilation
d. civilization
The lowest social stratum in any country, whose members lack the education and skills
needed to function successfully in modern society.
a. Underclass
b. Bourgeois
c. Proletariat
d. Lower class
Franklin Zimring and Gordon Hawkins believe the _____ is the single most significant
factor separating the crime problem in the United States from that of the rest of the
developed world.
a. degree of economic opportunity
b. proliferation of handguns
c. abortion rate
d. immigrant population
Less than one-third of all convicted felons are rearrested within three years of their
release from prison.
a. True
b. False
Which neurotransmitter is shown to facilitate aggressive behavior?
a. Dopamine
b. Melatonin
c. Octopamine
d. Serotonin
Which of the following is not true in regard to drug distribution and the Internet?
a. While many illegal sites exist, nearly 90 percent are certified by the National
Association of Boards of Pharmacy.
b. Often drugs sold on the Internet are adulterated, expired, or the wrong dose.
c. Numerous websites provide prescriptions written by cyber doctors.
d. There are no controls for preventing children from ordering drugs.
Economist Steven Levitt concludes that each person put behind prison bars results in a
decrease of ___ serious crimes per year.
a. 20
b. 15
c. five
d. 10
Social control theory suggests that people can only learn techniques and attitudes of
crime from close relationships with criminal peers.
a. True
b. False
Social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth. While the upper class is
exceptionally well-to-do, ______ people live in poverty in America.
a. 1,000,000
b. 15,000,000
c. 46,000,000
d. 64,500,000
For the consensus view of crime, it is the ______ that defines crimes and their
punishments.
a. social contract
b. legal code
c. moral code
d. written code
When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment,
____ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment.
a. loyalty to
b. fear of
c. hostility from
d. skills learned from
Unless you have a legal duty to do so, it is not a crime to ignore a drowning child.
a. True
b. False
Although the gap is narrowing, males have a higher crime rate than females.
a. True
b. False
Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors
of child abusers.
a. True
b. False
ATM skimming involves the use of electronic devices or cameras to copy personal
information from a bank card or a bank card’s magnetic strip.
a. True
b. False
What happens when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another?
a. Diffusion
b. Discouragement
c. Displacement
d. Extinction
Those living in poverty engage in disproportionate amounts of expressive crimes, such
as rape and assault.
a. True
b. False
Because social conditions prevent them from achieving success legitimately,
lower-class youths experience a form of culture conflict that Albert Cohen labels
______.
a. status frustration
b. youth deprivation
c. juvenile constants
d. teenage anomie
Labels are bestowed in a biased way, which means the poor and minority groups are
more likely than others to receive negative levels.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following offenses would be classified as a felony?
a. Petty larceny
b. Assault and battery
c. Burglary
d. Disturbing the peace
Social reaction theory suggests that ______.
a. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken
b. only males have significant potential to become criminals
c. crime is a learned behavior
d. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such
According to critical theorists, crime is a ______.
a. legal concept designed to protect the poor from oppression
b. an idealistic concept resulting from a legal system designed to mete out the severest
punishments to those who inflict the most social harm
c. political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes
d. philosophical concept whereby laws are designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society
In reference to masculinity and crime, crime is a vehicle for me to “do gender” because
it separates the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.
a. True
b. False
The Supreme Court has ruled that material is obscene if it has prurient sexual content
and is devoid of social value.
a. True
b. False
__________ involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged
purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions.
a. Organized crime
b. Enterprise crime
c. White-collar crime
d. Cyber crime
Albert Cohen, in his classic 1955 book, articulated the theory of _________________,
depicting the socialization of lower-class youth in society.
A _________________ is a program that is secretly attached to a computer system,
monitors the network’s work output, and waits for a particular signal, such as a date, to
appear.
Travis Hirschi links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind
people to society. Identify and discuss the elements of the social bond and how they
impede crime.
Answer:Answers will vary
Selecting a limited number of people for study as _____ of a larger group is referred to
as sampling.
List and explain neutralization theory; how does it apply to criminal offending? What
types of crimes would you believe it would apply to most often? Explain.
Answer:Answers will vary
Victim ______ theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting
provocatively.
Compare and contrast the masculinity hypothesis and liberal feminist theory.
Answer:Answers may vary.
Psychological reaction to a highly stressful event which includes symptoms of
depression, anxiety, and recurring nightmares is known as ______.
Methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual
offenders to deter other would-be violators are known as
_________________________.
Walter Miller identified the unique conduct norms (focal concerns) that help define
lower-class culture. Identify and use Miller’s focal concerns to explain how cultural
deviance theory combines the effects of social disorganization and strain theories.
Answer:Answers will vary
The view that an offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of a particular
criminal act is known as a/an ___________________.
________________________ is a view that focuses on the needs of victims, the
community, and offenders, and focuses on nonpunitive strategies to heal the wounds
caused by crime.
Social and demographic characteristics distinguish victims from nonvictims. Discuss
gender, age, and marital status in terms of victimization risk.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast nature and nurture theory and the relationship each have with
criminality.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the basic assumptions of contemporary trait theorists. Explain why trait
theorists have gained recent prominence.
Answer:Answers will vary.
________________ deterrence refers to situations in which the threat of punishment
can reduce but not eliminate crime.
There are three separate yet overlapping branches within the social structure
perspectivesocial disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory.
Briefly discuss the main focuses of each of these theories.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Under Merton’s Social Adaptations of crime, ___________ occurs when individuals
gain pleasure from practicing traditional ceremonies, regardless of whether they have a
real purpose or goal.
Explain what is meant by “continuity of crime” and its relevance to life course theory.
Answer:Answers will vary