Developmental theories attempt to provide a natural history of criminal careers by
encompassing ______.
a. its onset, continuation, and termination
b. delinquency and criminal behaviors
c. unidimensional and multidimensional treatment efforts
d. offenders’ race/ethnicity, age, and gender
The view that holds that terrorists join networks of terror because they are homesick
while in foreign nations and seek out people with similar backgrounds whom they often
find in mosques or other religious settings.
a. Socialization view
b. Ideological view
c. Domestication view
d. Nationalistic view
Under common law, if a royal judge successfully applied a ruling in a number of
different cases and published that ruling in order that other judges could apply the
ruling in their subsequent decisions, the ruling would become ______.
a. a precedent
b. a royal order
c. statutory law
d. a key decision
The taking of goods from a retail store.
a. Shoplifting
b. Nicking
c. Pilfering
d. Pinching
Your neighbor obtains sexual pleasure from spying on strangers while they disrobe.
This neighbor is a/an ______.
a. exhibitionist.
b. frotteurist.
c. pedophile.
d. voyeur.
A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially applied,
depending solely on the race of the victim.
a. True
b. False
Cloward and Ohlin’s classic work Delinquency and Opportunitycombined strain and
social disorganization principles to explain ______.
a. violent crime
b. gang formation
c. vandalism
d. drug dealing
A method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in
specific settings is referred to as ______.
a. situational crime prevention
b. guardable space
c. defensible space
d. positional crime prevention
Crimes that affect the environment are called red-collar crimes.
a. True
b. False
The age structure of the population has a significant influence on crime trends.
a. True
b. False
According to life course view, even as toddlers, people begin relationships and
behaviors that may determine their entire life course
a. True
b. False
The majority of murderers use _____________ to commit their murder.
a. blunt objects
b. firearms
c. ropes
d. knives
Which of the following statements does not reflect labeling theory?
a. Labeling theory identifies the role played by social agents in crime causation.
b. Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior.
c. Labeling theory distinguishes between criminal acts and criminal careers.
d. Labeling theory focuses attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape
individuals and their behavior.
Regardless of gender or environment, those who maintain a latent trait may be
predisposed to crime and are in danger of becoming career criminals.
a. True
b. False
Burglars appear to choose targets on the basis of their value, novelty, and resale
potential.
a. True
b. False
Surgical procedures used to alter the brain structure of convicted sex offenders are
known as psychosurgeries.
a. True
b. False
According to the research, how many of all U.S. households contain guns?
a. One-tenth
b. One-fourth
c. One-third
d. One-half
Gottfredson and Hirschi claim that the principles of self-control theory ______.
a. predominantly explain violent crime
b. predominantly explain property crime
c. predominantly explain street crime
d. can explain all varieties of criminal behavior
Which of the following research findings supports the core principles of differential
association theory?
a. Criminal and delinquent acts are rational and systematic.
b. Differential association accounts for spontaneous acts of violence.
c. Differential association theory involves circular reasoning.
d. Crime appears to be intergenerational.
The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one
facthigh school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is true about shoplifting?
a. Research has shown that items which play a role in the illicit drug are the ones stolen
most often.
b. About 45 percent of all shoplifters are professionals.
c. It is estimated that the professional shoplifter makes between 500,000 and 800,000
dollars a year from their illegal activity.
d. On average, about 75,000 people annually are arrested for shoplifting, down from
100,000 in the 1990s.
Which of the following best depicts a phishing scheme?
a. Cassandra writes a fictional column about the university he works for in an attempt to
hurt enrollment after failing to earn tenure
b. Jennifer spreads negative information about a company online in an attempt to draw
down stock prices for her colleagues
c. Kareem begins sending emails to random users about how to purchase the hot, new,
Christmas toy for the season in an attempt to ascertain personal information for his use
d. Tammy places deceptive information online to get unsuspecting investors interested
in a stock, thus driving up the price, and allowing her to sell her shares at an inflated
price
According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to
______.
a. individual socialization
b. socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society
c. lower-class mistrust of social control institutions
d. the lack of political power within the underclass
Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when
explaining crime.
a. True
b. False
There is evidence that the monumental decision in _____________ in 1973 had a direct
impact on crime years later.
a. Roe v. Wade
b. Bell v. Burton
c. Kidd v. Georgia
d. Furman v. Georgia
The delinquent peer-crime relationship does not apply to popular kids because they are
too busy to commit crime.
a. True
b. False
In Lemert’s well-known study on check fraud, he found that amateurs account for less
than 10 percent of check fraud, with the majority highly trained and highly experienced
forgers.
a. True
b. False
That thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational because ______.
a. their vehicle identification number (VIN) codes are not as easily traced as VIN codes
on American autos
b. German cars can be cheaply shipped to Europe where they are in high demand
c. parts on Germans cars are not etched with identifying codes
d. German cars usually have high-quality audio equipment
Not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant acts are criminal.
a. True
b. False
The elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime.
a. True
b. False
The social disorganization concepts articulated by Shaw and McKay enjoyed short-term
prominence due to the growing homogeneity of American society over time.
a. True
b. False
The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a
decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and
benefits of an illegal act.
a. True
b. False
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school
but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going
to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than
furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making
minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred
is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
Fred hears on the local news about Senate Bill 101.c, which states that the first
conviction for burglary will result in a mandatory 10-year sentence. Out of fear for this
punishment, Fred no longer commits burglaries. This is most related to ______.
a. general deterrence
b. specific deterrence
c. expedited deterrence
d. displacement deterrence
The most important wielder of informal social control is the ______.
Permitting an offender to repay the victim or do useful work in the community rather
than face the stigma of prison or jail is known as ___________________.
In his theory of anomie, sociologist Robert Merton applied the sociological concepts
first identified by Emile Durkheim to criminology. Discuss the foundations of Merton’s
anomie theory and the social adaptations found within this strain theory.
Answer:Answers will vary
In regard to election fraud, ______________ occurs when a bomb threat is called into a
polling place or outright sabotage of polling places results in loss of votes or voter
turnout.
Discuss how routine activities theory is used to explain criminal victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary
According to the UCR, 70 percent of murders involve this choice of weapon.
Explain what it means to say that criminals structure crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.
___________ is described as sexually explicit books, magazines, films, and DVDs,
intended to provide sexual excitement for paying customers.
Explain how a criminal lifestyle can lead to an increased likelihood of criminal
victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary
Developed by Hagan, ___________________ theory maintains that the structure of
gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate.
_________________ refers to any illegal interference with the political process,
especially those which affect vote calculations.
The ________________ view considers the prostitute a victim of male dominance and
a clear example of gender exploitation.
Explain the links between evolution, gender, and crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Why is it that the legislation of moral issues continuously frustrates lawmakers? How
do public order crimes differ from other types of offenses?
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe the relationship between antisocial behavior and victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain etailing fraud, and in your explanation, provide your opinion on why and how
technology and the Internet has made this crime more profitable.
Answer:Answers will vary
_________ crimes are offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of
the criminal.