Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to ______.
a. lack of education
b. inadequate child-rearing practices
c. weak social bonds
d. peer associations
Research has shown that family group conferencing is the least effective form of
restoration because it is the only restoration program set entirely in a formal criminal
justice setting (i.e., a courtroom).
a. True
b. False
The process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels is interactive. Labeling theorists
blame the establishment of criminal careers on ______.
a. parents
b. crime control agencies
c. teachers
d. the criminals themselves
Criminologists view amateur shoplifters as people who are most likely to reform if
apprehended.
a. True
b. False
Most theft offenses are committed by trained professionals who know what they are
doing and escape detection.
a. True
b. False
Travis Hirschi tested the principal hypotheses of social control theory. While evidence
was strong and supportive, what is the most controversial aspect of Hirschi’s
conclusions?
a. Youths who are strongly attached to parents were less likely to commit crime.
b. Youths who were involved in conventional activities were less likely to engage in
criminal behavior.
c. Youths who maintained weak, distant relationships with people tended toward
delinquency.
d. Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even to deviant peers and parents.
Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence.
a. True
b. False
What was the significance of the Mann Act of 1925?
a. It prohibited bringing women into the country for the purpose of prostitution.
b. It made the possession and distribution of cocaine, a drug previously used as a pain
reliever, a federal crime.
c. It set the standard for obscenity in cases involving pornography.
d. It made prostitution legal in three counties within the state of Nevada.
Which of the following is a form of computer crime?
a. Theft of information
b. Corporate espionage
c. Manipulation of accounts
d. All of the above are computer crimes
People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of
city dwellers.
a. 25 percent higher
b. 50 percent higher
c. 25 percent lower
d. 50 percent lower
The movement to ban gay marriage in California that led to the passage of Proposition
8 is an example of a/an _____.
a. moral crusade.
b. religious policy.
c. ethical mandate.
d. social campaign.
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school
but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going
to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than
furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making
minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred
is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
All of the following would be considered offense-specific to burglary that Fred might
consider except______.
a. the probability of security devices
b. the ease of selling stolen merchandise
c. Fred’s immediate need for money
d. neighbors who might notice a break-in
According to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to
accumulate goods and wealth.
a. American Dream
b. American Hope
c. American Ideal
d. American Myth
Most people commit less crime as they mature.
a. True
b. False
Psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and
private information in order to harm his or her partner.
a. Relational aggression
b. Recreational aggression
c. Acquaintance aggression
d. Feticide
Chicago School sociologists argued that social forces operating in urban areas created a
crime-promoting environment; some areas were “natural areas” for crime.
a. True
b. False
According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated
levels of female aggression.
a. diet
b. divorce
c. menstruation
d. pregnancy
The branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and
suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, or economic forces
which one can measure empirically is known as the Classical School of Criminology.
a. True
b. False
Failing to provide a child with the care and shelter to which he or she is entitled is
called ______.
a. neglect
b. abuse
c. rage
d. battery
Why are personal relationships, including establishing communication and common
goals, strained in socially disorganized neighborhoods?
a. Because the hostility of long-term residents makes it difficult for new people to move
into the neighborhood
b. Because residents are constantly moving in and out of the neighborhood
c. Because police refuse to organize neighborhood groups
d. Because gang formation disrupts families in the neighborhood
According to the Monitoring the Future survey discussed in the text, the crime problem
is _____.
a. the same as indicated by the UCR
b. the same as indicated by the NCVS
c. less than the UCR and NCVS indicate
d. greater than the UCR and NCVS indicate
An evaluation of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) program, which classifies people
on probation, among other things, has been found to cut recidivism rates for high-risk
offenders by as much as 20 percent.
a. True
b. False
The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the
interrogation of suspects is called ______.
a. extraordinary rendition
b. state compromised rendition
c. extraordinary extradition
d. state compromised extradition
Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality
and crime rates are her two biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on
which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she works from home. Thus,
she is able to work from anywhere in the country.
Martha has narrowed her choices to New York, NY in the Northeast, San Francisco, CA
in the West, Miami, FL in the South, and Ann Arbor, MI in the Midwest. Based on the
research on the ecology of crime, which of these cities would most likely have the
highest crime rate?
a. New York
b. San Francisco
c. Miami
d. Ann Arbor
Which category of prostitute is believed to be responsible for the recent upsurge in
prostitution?
a. Bar girls
b. Tooters
c. Call girls
d. Cyberprostitutes
Edwin Lemert conducted one of the best-known studies onwhich form of larceny nearly
60 years ago?
a. Check fraud
b. Shoplifting
c. Auto theft
d. Credit card theft
The Clean Water Act of 1972 maintains goals and standards for the United States to
ensure water quality and purity.
a. True
b. False
Ryan King and Gretchen Sutto examined characteristics of _______________ and
rational choice theory and found that these crimes were not merely the product of a
disturbed mind, but rather a calculated response to a concrete event whose impact is
often fueled by the media.
The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact.
a. True
b. False
Building social capital supports conventional behavior and inhibits deviant behavior.
a. True
b. False
Victimization risk is influenced by marital status. Which of the following groups has the
lowest rate of victimization?
a. Widowers and divorced people
b. Widows and widowers
c. Widows and single people
d. Divorced and single people
The police chief in Anytown, USA, is conducting weekly seminars where the residents
of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in
their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent
seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium.
The police chief explains that there are problems with the UCR crime data. What is the
biggest potential problem with the validity of UCR crime data?
a. Only violent crimes are counted in the UCR data.
b. Only property crimes are counted in the UCR data.
c. Many serious crimes are not reported to police and therefore are not counted in the
UCR.
d. The UCR only counts crimes reported by people 18 years of age or older.
According to Finkelhor and Asigian’s research on typologies of victimization,
__________________ refers to the victim’s physical weakness or psychological distress
rendering the victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime.
_________________ are a form of prostitute who spend their time in alcoholic
establishments drinking and waiting to be picked up by customers.
There are different levels or degrees of homicide. Discuss these degrees, using
examples from the chapter to illustrate your discussion.
Answer:Answers will vary
How do religion and belief impact criminality?
Answer:Answers will vary
______________________ refers to the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current
generalized label.
A ______________ society is one governed or controlled by men.
The ___________ is a program that collects data on each reported crime incident as an
attempt to redesign the UCR statistics.
A relatively new criminological technique called __________________, uses multiple
advanced computational methods, including artificial intelligence, to analyze large data
sets that usually involve one or more sources.
People grouped according to economic or social class who are characterized by the
unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige are referred to as a
__________________.
The granting of nonmartial sexual access for remuneration is known as
__________________
__________________ is the taking of goods from retail stores.
What has been the overwhelming response to terrorism especially in the United States
over the last 20 years?
Answer:Answers will vary.
In reference to blue-collar criminals, offenders who do not define themselves by a
criminal role or view themselves as committed to career criminals are called
_________________ criminals.
How do certainty, severity, and speed of punishment impact general deterrence? How
does the criminal justice system support or hamper these general deterrence factors?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Create a fictional character and depict how this individual would become criminal,
using attachment theory to explain your rationale.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how victim impulsivity is associated with victim precipitation. Why does this
personality trait contribute to victimization risk?
Answer:Answers will vary.
The written code that defines crimes and their punishments is ________________.
Material that violates community standards of morality or decency is said to be
__________________
Amateur forgers who case bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little
identification with a criminal subculture are referred to as __________________
forgers.