Wolfgang and associates’ second cohort study found that 6 percent of female
delinquents were chronic offenders.
a. True
b. False
The boyhood friend of a convicted murderer is interviewed by the media and reports
that the offender was withdrawn, suspicious, and negativistic as a youth. This is an
example of ______.
a. introspective reading
b. retrospective reading
c. enhanced reading
d. reflective reading
When the court issues an ex parte order, it sets up another hearing with notice to the
defendant; this is usually called a return day.
a. True
b. False
While problem behavior syndrome is linked to violent criminal activity, there is no
explanatory research linking PBS to impulsiveness, low self ego, and drug abuse.
a. True
b. False
General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how _____
influence behavior.
a. biological conditions
b. rational choices
c. life events
d. psychological conditions
Of the drug control strategies, evaluations of drug education programs have shown the
most effectiveness as reducing drug use.
a. True
b. False
Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson claim white-collar crime is relatively rare
because, as a matter of course, business executives tend to hire people with ___.
a. business experience
b. self-control
c. strong morals
d. cultural values
The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ criminology, which
faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.
a. classical
b. positivist
c. developmental
d. critical
Crimes that affect the environment are called ____________-collar crimes.
a. green
b. white
c. red
d. blue
The Convention on Cybercrime, ratified by the U.S. Senate in 2006, was the first
international treaty to address the definition and enforcement of cybercrime.
a. True
b. False
What do we know about psychopaths and crime?
a. Psychopaths comprise 65 percent of U.S. prison inmates.
b. Psychopaths tend to continue their criminal careers long after other offenders age out
of crime.
c. Psychopaths are no more likely to reoffend within a year of release than other
offenders.
d. Psychopaths who reoffend are more likely to reoffend in nonviolent ways.
Which of the following is true about ATM skimming crimes?
a. Devices are typically undetectable
b. Devices are usually placed only for a short time
c. Phony keyboards are sometimes attached
d. All of the above
Sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult male.
a. Statutory rape
b. Systemic rape
c. Marital rape
d. Sadistic rape
The juvenile delinquency research of Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck (in the 1940s and
1950s) profoundly influenced criminology and formed the basis for today’s trait theory.
a. True
b. False
Drug use among teens has declined significantly, and marijuana, which remains the
most popular drug by far of teens, has declined in use in 2014 after rising for the past
three years.
a. True
b. False
Negative affective states refer to the bottom 10 percent of U.S. states where crime is so
high that the American Dream has no chance of success for middle- and lower-class
individuals.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is false in regard to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks?
a. DoS attacks are not about profit or ransom, but instead about inconveniencing the
targeted party
b. Even respectable businesspeople have been accused of launching DoS attacks against
rival businesses
c. Online, offshore, gambling sites are particularly vulnerable to DoS attacks
d. Many U.S organizations have been affected by DoS attacks, including New York
City email accounts and Rutgers University
In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi consider the criminal offender
and the criminal act as _______concepts.
a. separate
b. balanced
c. competing
d. opposite
The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the federal agency that collects data from local law
enforcement agencies and publishes them yearly in its Uniform Crime Report (UCR).
a. True
b. False
Left realists support a strict “law and order” philosophy, which has at its centerpiece a
policy of punishing juveniles severely in adult court.
a. True
b. False
An example of state organized crime would be Japan’s attack of China in order to
secure wealth and resources which helped escalate World War II.
a. True
b. False
People who live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil
disorder become suspicious and mistrusting.
a. True
b. False
Neutralization theory points out that ______.
a. criminal behavior is learned in much the same way that conformity is learned
b. even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all
the time
c. criminality is a product of weak self-concept and poor self-esteem
d. law is differentially applied, benefiting those who hold economic and social power
and penalizing the powerless
Which of the following is false about the nationalist terrorism group Hezbollah?
a. Hezbollah is from the Arabic term “party of God.”
b. A primary goal is to drive Israeli troops out of Lebanon
c. United States and its allies have supported Hezbollah in Syria and the Middle East.
d. Hezbollah members follow a distinct version of Shia ideology developed in Iran.
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and
hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when
he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison.
He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
In total, between juvenile and adult institutions, Trevor has spent over 20 years of his
life incarcerated. His family cannot understand why he continues to commit crime.
They are concerned that he will not be able to remain a law-abiding citizen. What does
the research say about the effect of incarceration and an offender’s likeliness to repeat
criminal behavior?
a. Most offenders are rearrested within one year of their release from prison.
b. Most offenders are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.
c. Most offenders are rearrested within 10 years of their release from prison.
d. Most offenders are never rearrested once released from prison.
John Hagan’s critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of
criminality. According to Hagan’s power-control theory, what two factors account for
female crime and delinquency?
a. Race/ethnicity and social status
b. Class position and economic ability
c. Education level and family status
d. Class position and family functions
__________ theory reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal
biological or psychological traits.
a. Rational choice
b. Trait
c. Social structure
d. Labeling
People grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal
distribution of wealth, power, and prestige are referred to as a ______.
a. culture of poverty
b. systemic society
c. stratified society
d. oppressed state
Keith, Mike, and Paul continuously find themselves making poor decisions that lead to
law breaking behaviors and suspensions from school. Since they are lower class,
Cloward and Ohlin would argue that the boys have limited means to achieving their
goals. This in turn leads to their poor decision making. The theory which best describes
this situation is ______.
a. differential opportunity
b. reaction formation
c. differential formation
d. anomie
Rape was once considered a sexual offense, but criminologists now view rape as a
violent crime, not a forceful expression of sexuality.
a. True
b. False
Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael’s
acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping
school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was 15, he
started using drugs and alcohol.
Michael is now 20 years old and a court-ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael
with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a type of _________ disorder.
a. depressive
b. personality
c. psychotic
d. mood
The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is affected by the _____ phenomenon.
a. “missing cases”
b. “overreporting”
c. ‘small cohort”
d. “known group”
A ______________ is an amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but
who systematically steals merchandise for personal use.
Rational choice theory has its roots in _____________ criminology.
_______ is a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing
hallucinations, and exhibiting inappropriate responses.
__________________ assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some
people are vulnerable to crime from birth.
Schools where the completion rate is consistently below 40 percent are known as
_____________.
The _____________ is the part of the personality that helps the individual keep his or
her actions within the boundaries of social convention.
Lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making, an _________ person lacks close
attention to details, has organizational problems, and is distracted easily.
An agreement between prosecution and defense in which the accused pleads guilty in
return for a reduced sentence, reduction of charges, or some other consideration is
known as ______.
Discuss the activities and the key players involved with transnational organized crime.
Answer:Answers will vary
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit the felony or a theft is known as ______.
The concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused
and are brought back into the social mainstream is referred to as
_________________________.
Provide a brief history of terrorism.
Answer:Answers will vary.
________________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to
economic, social, and political disparity.
In the case of __________________ the Court articulated a reasonableness doctrine
which states a work is obscene if a reasonable person applying objective standards
would find the material to lack any social value.
According to strain theorists, what is strain, what causes strain, and how does strain
lead to crime?
Answer:Answers will vary
What evidence supports the view that crime is rational? Include various types of
criminal behaviors in your discussion.
Answer:Answers will vary.
The term “prostitute” encompasses a variety of categories. Identify and discuss the
various types of prostitute that exist in the United States today.
Answer:Answers will vary
Identify and discuss the mental disorders and diseases that are associated with crime.
How persuasive is the association between mental disorders and crime, and why is this
the case?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Specific deterrence holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known
criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Critique this approach to criminality.
What evidence exists to support specific deterrence?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the history of economic crime and the development of white-collar crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.