Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists
______.
a. Robert Agnew and Albert Cohen
b. Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim
c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
d. Paul Klenowski and Keith Bell
Trajectory theories assume there is more than one type of criminal and more than one
criminal path.
a. True
b. False
According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by ______.
a. creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling
have-not members of society
b. encouraging greater use of government resources by the poor
c. decreasing the value of corporate profits
d. decreasing the role of religion in shaping individual reality
Anyone can turn to antisocial behavior if their socialization is damaging and/or
destructive and is not solely a lower-class phenomenon.
a. True
b. False
What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts?
a. Mutual trust increases.
b. Neighborhood cohesiveness strengthens.
c. Crime rates increase.
d. Siege mentality decreases.
Market-related robberies emerge from disputes involving partners in trade, rivals, or
generalized predators.
a. True
b. False
People who seek to control or criminalize deviant behaviors in accordance with their
own way of thinking are called ______.
a. moralists.
b. moral entrepreneurs
c. power seekers
d. social activists
Violations that flow from incidents in which the robber’s autonomy or sense of values
has been jeopardized are called “freestanding robberies.”
a. True
b. False
Genetic theory holds that criminality-producing traits are passed ______.
a. from generation to generation
b. from fathers to sons but not fathers to daughters
c. from mothers to sons but not mothers to daughters
d. from one generation, but then skip the next generation
Middle-class measuring rods refer to the standards by which authority figures, such as
teachers, evaluate lower-class youngsters and often prejudge them negatively.
a. True
b. False
Bar girls are the aristocrats of prostitution, charging customers thousands of dollars per
night.
a. True
b. False
The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on
punishment via physical retaliation, “an eye for an eye,” but the severity of punishment
was dependent on one’s class standing. This code was known as the ______.
a. Code of Hammurabi
b. Mosaic Code
c. Judeo-Christian Code
d. Code of the Israelites
Being abused or neglected as a child __________ the odds of being arrested, both as a
juvenile and as an adult.
a. decreases
b. increases
c. initially increases then decreases
d. does not impact
Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter. What is the peak age
for property crime?
a. 14
b. 16
c. 18
d. 20
John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend that ______.
a. the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of
their own class
b. the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality
c. the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class
members to improve their economic status
d. critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society
According to Shaw and McKay, a __________ neighborhood is an area wracked by
extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.
a. subcultural
b. transitional
c. concentric
d. ecological
Eco-terrorist groups’ primary goal is ______.
a. to overthrow the current political government
b. commit common-law crimes in order for profit to in turn spread their message
c. promote hate or religious and ethnic groups
d. protection of the environment
Gloria would most likely fit into which category of prostitute?
a. Bar girl
b. Brothel prostitute
c. Call girl
d. Street walker
Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood
crime rates?
a. Victim precipitation
b. Lifestyle
c. Deviant place
d. Routine activities
Although people are disturbed by media accounts of violent incidents, in reality media
reports simply reflect the significant increase in violent crimes since 1991.
a. True
b. False
Pornography, while offensive to many, has declined in popularity over the last decade
due to technological advances which have made it obsolete.
a. True
b. False
When members of the lower class are unable to achieve symbols of success via
conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are
collectively referred to as ______.
a. focal concerns
b. aggression
c. siege mentality
d. strain
Which of the following terms originated from a rebellion against French troops in the
early 1800s?
a. Guerilla
b. Coup
c. Terrorist
d. Insurgent
Violators identified by the EPA or other agencies of green-collar crimes are typically
prosecuted by the U.S. Justice Department.
a. True
b. False
The UCR contains data on Part I and Part II crimes. Which of the following is not a Part
I crime?
a. Hate crime
b. Arson
c. Forcible rape
d. Aggravated assault
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments
with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not
hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a
victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew
and that he can protect himself.
Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is
trying to convince his mother that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a
gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a weapon?
a. Males who carried weapons were half as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
b. Males who carried weapons were twice as likely to be victimized as those who did
not.
c. Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized as those
who did not.
d. Males who carried weapons were three times less likely to be victimized as those
who did not.
The weight of recent research suggests that serious crime is more prevalent in socially
disorganized lower-class areas.
a. True
b. False
The subcultural view of drug abuse causation has an environmental basis.
a. True
b. False
Oil spills and water pollution are examples of green-collar crimes.
a. True
b. False
A term computer hackers and software pirates use to describe a game or application that
is made available for use on the Internet in violation of its copyright protection.
a. Warez
b. Phishing
c. Suarez
d. Salami slice
Research has found that children who are shy, or sometimes referred to as loners, are
least likely to be abstainers and engage in higher rates of criminal activity as
technological advances allow them to commit crime behind closed doors.
a. True
b. False
The Department of Homeland Security includes which of the following components?
a. Border security
b. Emergency preparedness and response
c. Chemical and biological countermeasures
d. All of the above
Explain what research on firearm usage depicts about criminal victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe the extent of cybercrime and attempts at controlling it.
Answer:Answers will vary
Because of differential opportunities presented to youth, disadvantaged young people
are likely to join one of three types of gangs; the gangs which develop in communities
unable to provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities are called
____________ gangs.
_______________ crime is defined as any business-related act that uses deceit,
deception, or dishonesty to carry out criminal enterprise.
The ___________________________ is defined as being an agency of the federal
government charged with preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing
America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and aiding recovery
from attacks that do occur.
There are many different views on the cause of drug use. Explain the subcultural and
psychological views of substance abuse causation.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in
society.
Answer:Answers will vary.
_____________ is the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a
very young age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career.
The consequence of a lack of income and other resources, which cumulatively, leads to
poverty is known as _____.
An area undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle-class
residential to lower-class mixed-use is known as a _____.
Prostitution is illegal in all states except ___________, where licensed and highly
regulated brothels can operate as business enterprises in rural counties.
What are the main causes of spousal abuse, child abuse, and parental abuse? Compare
and contrast these key terms.
Answer:Answers will vary
________________ is known as the death instinct, which impels on toward
self-destruction.
A number of different drug control strategies have been tried with varying degrees of
success. Discuss these various strategies and their effectiveness.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain how the economy, abortion, gun availability, and drug use influence crime
patterns and crime rates.
Answer:Answers will vary.
________________ now supplies 90 percent of the world’s opium.
Discuss the relationship between firearm availability and crime.
Answer:Answers will vary
Situational crime prevention may produce unforeseen and unwanted consequences.
Discuss what is meant by displacement, extinction, and replacement.
Answer:Answers will vary.