Chapter 2—Ethics, Multicultural Competence, and the Positive Psychology and
Wellness Approach
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Interviewers can predict that both they and their client will appreciate, gain respect, and learn from
increasing knowledge in ethics and multicultural competence when the interviewer ________.
a.
is an educated, qualified, and experienced professional
b.
bases her behavior on an ethical approach with an awareness of diversity
c.
is competent to address any and all multicultural issues
d.
stays within the boundaries of multicultural guidelines and practice competencies
2. When you observe and practice ethically and follow professional standards, you can
anticipate:
a.
more liability in your practice.
b.
the client will recognize your power position within the relationship.
c.
increased client trust and understanding of the interview process.
d.
negative issues of social justice because justice is blind.
3. Which of the following comes to mind in the case of Kendra?
a.
Confidentiality
b.
Counselor’s competence
c.
Diversity
d.
All of the above
4. Ethical codes aid the helping process by :
a.
teaching and promoting the basics of ethical and appropriate practice.
b.
serving as a mechanism to improve practice.
c.
protecting clients by providing accountability.
d.
all of the above.
5. Ethical codes promote professional empowerment by assisting professionals and professionals-in–
training to:
a.
maintain good practices.
b.
protect the client.
c.
enhance the profession.
d.
all of the above.
6. Which of the following are legitimate ethical codes?
a.
American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Code of Ethics
b.
Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct
c.
American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics
d.
All of the above
7. Interviewers need to have “education and training, supervised experience, state and national
professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience.” This ethical standard relates
primarily to:
a.
competence.
b.
informed consent.
c.
confidentiality.
d.
diversity.
8. Counselors will practice only within the boundaries of:
a.
competence.
b.
education, training, and supervision.
c.
professional credentials appropriate professional experience.
d.
all of the above.
9. Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence based on:
a.
education and training.
b.
supervised and appropriate professional experience.
c.
state and national professional credentials.
d.
all of the above.
10. The need for appropriate supervision is most basic to which ethical area?
a.
Competence
b.
Informed consent
c.
Confidentiality
d.
Power
11. ______ is the “cornerstone of the counseling relationship.”
a.
Trust
b.
Warmth
c.
Openness
d.
Skill
12. HIPAA is the acronym for:
a.
Health Incorporated for Patients Assistance for Allstate.
b.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
c.
Health Insurance for Patients from All Alliances.
d.
Health Insurance Provided by Allstate to All.
13. Which of the following is NOT a key element of HIPAA’s Privacy Rule described in the book?
a.
Protected health information
b.
Who is covered by the Privacy Rule
c.
De-identified health information
d.
All of the above
14. Informed consent refers to:
a.
providing clients with clear and adequate information about what is happening in the
interview and informing them about your own competence.
b.
telling the client halfway through the interview about their rights.
c.
too many people avoiding this critical issue.
d.
honestly discussing multicultural difference between counselor and client.
15. Informed consent means:
a.
informing your clients about your training and background and possible dual relationships.
b.
going over the purposes, goals, limitations, and possible benefits of counseling.
c.
obtaining permission to audiotape an interview.
d.
all of the above.
16. As it relates to client rights and informed consent, which one of the following statements is FALSE?
a.
Throughout the counseling process as appropriate, counselors inform clients of goals,
techniques, limitations, and risks and benefits.
b.
Clients have the right to participate in counseling planning and the right to refuse services.
c.
Clients are informed of the therapy plan outlined by an experienced therapist and follow it
with little deviation.
d.
Counselors make sure clients understand fee collection arrangements, record keeping, and
limits to confidentiality.
17. When does the counselor inform the client of purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations,
potential risks and benefits of the counseling process?
a.
At the beginning of the counseling relationship
b.
After the client agrees to a counseling relationship
c.
Every other session without fail
d.
Before counseling begins and at any time conditions change or new issues are discovered
18. Which of the following is an ethical imperative to accomplish when you are a trainee meeting with a
new client for the first time?
a.
Prepare for the session carefully and go over your plan with the supervisor.
b.
Review ethical standards and agency policy.
c.
Inform your client that you are in training and give the client the supervisor’s name.
d.
Work with the policy of your agency on this issue and only inform the client if that is their
policy.
19. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the power relationship between client and
counselor?
a.
Human services professionals are aware that in their relationship with clients, power and
status are equal.
b.
Power aspects of dual or multiple relationships may impair professional judgment.
c.
The very act of helping has power implications.
d.
Awareness of and openness to talking about power issues is an appropriate way to
improve client relations.
20. “How does it feel, being a woman, to talk to me about this issue, as I am a man?” Discussing this issue
is part of the ethical area of:
a.
informed consent.
b.
social justice.
c.
competence (boundaries).
d.
power.
21. The concept that dual or multiple relationships [between a client and counselor] may lead to
exploitation of clients and impair professional judgment is most closely related to which of the
following issues?
a.
Privacy
b.
Confidentiality
c.
Power
d.
Social Impact
22. Dual relationships can be complicated primarily because of which type of ethical issue?
a.
Competence
b.
Power
c.
Social justice
d.
Multiculturalism
23. Dual relationships are virtually certain to exist in all BUT which of the following?
a.
Conducting a microskills practice session with a classmate
b.
Conducting a microskills practice session with a family member
c.
Conducting counseling with a person in your community of 1,000 individuals
d.
Conducting counseling with a person in your community of 10,000 individuals
24. Working with a friend of yours in a practice session presents the possibility of:
a.
making it difficult to keep things confidential.
b.
their failing to understand informed consent issues.
c.
having a more honest and open discussion than usually occurs.
d.
dual relationships.
25. A student intern in an agency helps a homeless client find a place to stay over the night and goes with
that client to make sure they can get in. The supervisor feels this behavior is inappropriate and allows
the client to get too close to the counselor. The supervisor feels that this is a violation of boundaries.
The student’s professor feels that the student made the right decision. The conflict between supervisor
and professor’s beliefs represents which of the following two key ethical issues?
a.
Informed consent vs. competence (boundaries)
b.
Confidentiality vs. competence boundaries
c.
Power vs. social justice
d.
Social justice vs. competence boundaries
26. Naming:
a.
is basic to work with traumatized clients.
b.
helps normalize clients reactions.
c.
has a calming effect.
d.
all of the above.
27. Blaming:
a.
is not needed in our work with traumatized clients.
b.
has an upsetting effect in clients.
c.
has a calming effect in clients.
d.
all of the above.
28. Diversity and multiculturalism have become central to the helping professions. Which one of the
following statements is a recognized ethical standard?
a.
Human service professionals provide services without discrimination or preference.
b.
Human service professionals are knowledgeable about the cultures and communities
within which they practice.
c.
Human service professionals are aware of their own cultural backgrounds and their
potential for impact.
d.
All of the above.
29. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of multicultural competence?
a.
Every skill, strategy, and helping theory is examined for its cultural appropriateness.
b.
Interviewers learn their own limitations in cultural expertise and seek supervision as
necessary.
c.
Helping professionals specialize and become proficient in single culture counseling and
therapy.
d.
Helping professionals make a lifelong commitment to learning the multicultural base of
practice.
30. The Guidelines for Multicultural Competence focuses on:
a.
awareness, knowledge, and skills required for all practice, research, and training.
b.
ethical statements for effective multicultural work.
c.
an adopted set of absolute rules for counselors and psychologists.
d.
culturally specific treatment methods.
31. “I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assured that I will not be followed or harassed.”
This is an example of:
a.
White privilege.
b.
heterosexual privilege.
c.
middle-class privilege.
d.
male privilege.
32. “I am not taught to fear walking alone after dark in average public places.” This is an example of:
a.
White privilege.
b.
heterosexual privilege.
c.
middle-class privilege.
d.
male privilege.
33. “I have enough financial reserves that I can handle a major car problem without a large financial
crisis.” This is an example of:
a.
White privilege.
b.
heterosexual privilege.
c.
middle-class privilege.
d.
male privilege.
34. “If I should move, I can be pretty sure that I can rent or purchase housing in an area that I can afford
and in which I want to live.” This is an example of:
a.
White privilege.
b.
heterosexual privilege.
c.
male privilege.
d.
Christian privilege.
35. “If I am promoted, I can be confident that my co-workers won’t think it was because of my gender.”
This is an example of:
a.
socioeconomic privilege.
b.
White privilege.
c.
female privilege.
d.
male privilege.
36. Multicultural competence includes:
a.
awareness.
b.
knowledge.
c.
skills.
d.
all of the above.
37. “Multicultural guidelines and competencies’ Dimension 1: Be aware of your own assumptions, values,
and biases.” Based on this, which one of the following contributes to your ability to become more self–
aware?
a.
Develop a specialty practice by immersing yourself in every detail of daily life for one or
two cultural groups at a time.
b.
Consider yourself as a cultural being and recognize your own limitations.
c.
Rather than consider each client as unique, focus on the common behaviors that the person
before you may have in common with the cultural group to which they belong.
d.
Achieve complete multicultural knowledge through study and experience.
38. “Multicultural guidelines and competencies’ Dimension 2: Understand the worldview of the culturally
different client.” According to this, which one of the following contributes to your ability to
comprehend the worldview of diverse clients?
a.
Traditional approaches to counseling theory and skills apply with similar results to all
cultural groups.
b.
Your study and experiences will enhance your confidence in cross-cultural counseling.
c.
If you hold inaccurate stereotypes, you must listen and learn respect for how your client
interprets humanity and the world.
d.
The impacts of socioeconomic factors and other oppressive forces may vary some among
cultural groups, but overall the impacts are similar.
39. According to the authors, if your first helping lead seems to be ineffective with a culturally different
client, you need to be ready to:
a.
explain what you are doing and try again.
b.
say it again, but using different clearer words.
c.
try another helping lead.
d.
try silence as perhaps this client needs time to think and respond.
40. Past research has found that ____________ percent of minority clients do NOT return to counseling
after a first session?
a.
10%
b.
20%
c.
35%
d.
50%
41. In cross-cultural counseling, try another helping lead with the client when:
a.
the first lead proves ineffective in producing the expected client response.
b.
the client is slow to respond.
c.
the client presents multiple topics of concern.
d.
the original client issue has been resolved.
42. Which is NOT an effective way to gain better understanding of those who are culturally different from
you?
a.
Informing your clients that you will need to learn about their culture from them during the
interview.
b.
Visiting Pow-wows and other cultural celebrations.
c.
Shadowing or going with a friend of a different culture through the day
d.
Getting to know people different from you in a personal way.
43. Multicultural guidelines and competencies expound on 3 dimensions; Dimension 3: Develop
appropriate intervention strategies and techniques. Which one of the following contributes to your
ability to develop appropriate intervention strategies and techniques?
a.
Create respect and trust by remaining politically correct at all times.
b.
Expand your knowledge with traditional strategies and newer, diversity sensitive methods.
c.
Use traditional counseling strategies proven appropriate over time.
d.
Keep appropriate records and documentation of client therapy.
44. Mark Pope, Cherokee Nation and Past-President of the American Counseling Association, noted all
EXCEPT which of the following?
a.
Counselors are now being trained fully to meet multicultural competencies.
b.
We are all committed to the dignity and value of each individual.
c.
Each of us is a multicultural being.
d.
We need to address our own issues of prejudice.
45. Awareness, knowledge, skills, and action are:
a.
essential to master counseling skills.
b.
key components of Ivey, Ivey, and Zalaquett’s teaching model.
c.
critical to work effectively with clients different from you.
d.
all of the above.
46. Effective client interviews are built on all BUT which of the following choices?
a.
Professional ethics
b.
Multicultural sensitivity
c.
Accurate issue reporting
d.
Finding specifics for client action
47. Which of the following is NOT true regarding a strength-based wellness model?
a.
The model builds on the client’s strengths and assets.
b.
The model emphasizes the individual origin of symptoms.
c.
The model leads to a more egalitarian and empathic relationship in the counseling.
d.
The model places the client in the role of an active and engaged agent.
48. Which of the following represents particularly important issues for beginning interviewers?
a.
Confidentiality, power, gender and racial topics, social justice, accurate reporting
b.
Competence, power, client issues and concerns, analysis and documentation
c.
Competence, informed consent, confidentiality, power, social justice, diversity
d.
Informed consent, client issues and concerns, social justice, accurate billing
49. The initial stage of therapy includes a process that might be called exploration of resources. The
counselor pays little attention to personality weaknesses and is most persistent in trying to locate ways
of coping with anxiety and stress, already existing resources that may be enlarged and strengthened
once their existence is recognized.
This is a description of ____.
a.
positive psychology
b.
a wellness approach
c.
Leona Tyler’s 1961 “positive approach to change”
d.
an example of how to ignore client problems
50. Which of the following is NOT part of optimism?
a.
An expectation that things will work out
b.
A sense of personal weakness
c.
A belief that you will learn from difficulties
d.
A belief in the future
51. Which of the following is TRUE?
a.
Resilience is the actual ability to bounce back from difficulty.
b.
Optimism is the actual ability to bounce back from difficulty.
c.
Resilience is the imagined ability to bounce back from difficulty.
d.
Optimism is not related to resilience.
52. Which of the following is NOT one of Elaine Fox suggestions for clients with midly pessimistic
attitudes?
a.
Take power naps during the day.
b.
Make a daily list of positive and negative events.
c.
Aim for three positive experiences for each negative one.
d.
Exercise every day.
53. Which of the following illustrates the importance of neuroscience for counseling and therapy?
a.
Counseling can change the brain.
b.
Stress has an impact on the brain.
c.
Neuroscience support counseling work.
d.
All of the above.
54. The HPA axis does NOT include:
a.
the thorax.
b.
the hypothalamus.
c.
the pituitary gland.
d.
the adrenal glands.
55. The TAP axis does NOT include:
a.
the thorax.
b.
the thalamus.
c.
the anterior cingulate cortex.
d.
the prefrontal cortex.
56. Which of the following is seen as the most basic emotion?
a.
Anger
b.
Fear
c.
Surprise
d.
Disgust
57. Which of the following statement is FALSE?
a.
Fear enables us to swerve to avoid an accident.
b.
Fear enables us to duck when a baseball heads toward our head.
c.
Fear enables us to jump when we score a point.
d.
Fear enables us to run when we see danger.
58. The prime storehouse of positive emotions is the:
a.
thalamus.
b.
amygdala.
c.
cingulate cortex.
d.
frontal cortex.
59. ____ has/have empirically identified 17 dimensions of wellness with very practical implications for
helping interviewers and clients to assess strengths.
a.
Ivey and Ivey (2005)
b.
Myers and Sweeney (2004, 2005)
c.
Zalaquett (1991)
d.
Leona Tyler (1961)
60. The 17 empirical dimensions of wellness are used as a practical assessment for identifying client
strengths. This assessment ____.
a.
is oriented toward optimal health and well-being, where body, mind, and spirit are
integrated
b.
prevents you and your clients from engaging in behaviors that do not contribute to positive
growth
c.
increases your chances to save somebody’s ailing marriage by engaging the upset spouse
in health improving activities
d.
none of these
61. Which of the following are described by the authors as contextual factors that we need to consider in
client wellness assessment?
a.
Control, realistic thinking, and positive humor
b.
Family, neighborhood, and community
c.
Use of leisure, stress management, and exercise
d.
Spirituality, gender identity, and cultural identity
62. Which of the following statements best describes the application of the wellness approach?
a.
It is important to focus on and resolve client problems, issues and concerns; it is the reason
they choose counseling.
b.
Counseling, human services, psychology, and social work have a long tradition of helping
clients solve problems.
c.
Locate the ways clients cope with anxiety and stress, already existing resources that may
be enlarged once their existence is recognized.
d.
The field of psychology emphasizes the disease model and focuses on damage repair.
63. Which one of the following statements is true as it relates the Indivisible Self Model?
a.
A problem in one discrete element within the model impacts only that element.
b.
A positive change in one discrete element within the model impacts only that element.
c.
Any problem or positive change in one part of the total system affects all other parts of the
system.
d.
Only a positive change in one discrete element within the model will impact all other
parts.
64. A wellness assessment that includes study of local issues such as community, larger institutions, and
even global issues that affect the individual is considering:
a.
the individual client thinking on key issues that affect her or him.
b.
contextual issues.
c.
issues that are unimportant to client develop. It is essential to focus solely on the client in
the session.
d.
how to impart political opinions on the part of the counselor in an appropriate manner.
65. The wellness model refers to self-in–relationship, the person-in-community, and individual-in–social
context. Which of the following is also true of the wellness model?
a.
Self is divisible; clients may work on issues independent of other issues.
b.
Individuals have no impact on their surrounding context.
c.
Any change in any part of self affects the total individual, but not others.
d.
Any change in any part of self affects the total individual and others as well.
66. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of the wellness assessment?
a.
Spirituality
b.
Gender identity
c.
Social class identity
d.
Cultural identity
67. Which of the following wellness dimensions or elements are you trying to assess when you ask, “What
strengths do you draw from as a female or male?”
a.
The coping self
b.
The social self
c.
The essential self
d.
The creative self
68. Which of the following wellness dimensions or elements are you trying to assess when you ask, “How
well do you take normal precautions and avoid risky or harmful behavior?”
a.
Control
b.
Work
c.
Exercise
d.
Self-Care
69. Which one of the following wellness dimensions or elements are you trying to assess when you ask,
“Can you understand and support another’s emotional experience and become attuned to the way this
person experiences the world?”
a.
The creative self
b.
The physical self
c.
The essential self
d.
The coping self
70. Paying attention to strengths in the client involves all EXCEPT which of the following language
systems?
a.
Positive psychology
b.
Wellness approach
c.
Positive asset search
d.
Drawing out the client’s story fully and carefully
71. Emphasis on positives within counseling, human services, psychology, and social work may be known
by all EXCEPT which of the following terms?
a.
Positive psychology
b.
Concrete theoretical approach
c.
Wellness approach
d.
Positive asset search
72. Which of the following is the first step in the development of an intentional wellness plan?
a.
Summarizing wellness strengths
b.
Appraising areas for improvement
c.
Establishing one or two goals
d.
Contracting for action
73. Exercise is a recommended preventive treatment for:
a.
blood flow.
b.
cognitions.
c.
neurogenesis.
d.
all of these.
TRUE/FALSE
1. “Do no harm to your clients; treat them responsibly with full awareness of the social context of
helping” summarizes the essence of ethical codes.
2. According to the Privacy Rule, one of the ways to de-identify information is by a formal determination
by a qualified statistician.
3. Dual relationships occur when the client is involved in multiple social relationships.
4. There are two major types of social justice action mentioned in the book: action in the community and
action in the session.
5. The word disorder places the problem in the client and, as a result, external causes tend to be ignored
in treatment.
6. PTSD places the cause in the client; PTSR places the cause in the environment.
7. Political correctness represents another type of naming and blaming.
8. Worldview is formally defined as the way you and your client interpret humanity and the world.
9. Developing awareness, knowledge, and skills is all you need to be an effective counselor.
10. Awareness, knowledge, and skills are meaningless unless you act.
11. We really don’t know something until we practice and use it, and receive feedback.
12. The TAP is in charge of emotional regulation.
13. The amygdala is the primary storehouse of the less positive feelings such as sadness, anger, and
surprise.
14. The left hemisphere is more associated with positive feelings of joy.
15. The right hemisphere is more associated with negative feelings.
16. Positive thoughts, used effectively in counseling, can override negative feelings.
17. Neuroscience research strongly supports a wellness and positive approach to counseling.
ESSAY
1. The physical self, a dimension of wellness assessment, is not usually thought of as an area where
interviewers and counselors ought to be working. Assume that you have done a wellness assessment
and the client indicates this as an area where he or she needs further development. Can you identify
some ways in which you could bring physical issues into your interviewing practice effectively?
2. There are 17 areas of the wellness plan and we will not ask you to name them all. Draw on your
memory of at least five areas and indicate how each is related to the healthy person.
3. How would you go about helping a client establish an intentional wellness plan?
4. How can the empathic relationship
⎯
story and strengths
⎯
goal
⎯
restory
⎯
action model be
implemented throughout using positive psychology and wellness concepts in the interview?
5. What is White privilege? Middle-class privilege? Male privilege? Please give two examples of each.
6. Define each of the following ethical issues and give a brief example of how they might affect your
interview practice in this course.
Competence
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Power
Social justice
Diversity and multiculturalism
7. How can we ensure that counselors and interviewer become multiculturally competent? What specific
areas do you see for yourself as needing further growth? How will you address these issues?
8. How could you use the RESPECTFUL model to enhance your multicultural skills?
9. List and describe the four dimensions of multicultural competence described in the book.
10. Explain the “knowing–doing” gap and the importance of action in counseling and therapy.