Chapter 15—How to Use Microskills and the Five Stages With Theories of Counseling
and Psychotherapy
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the major approaches to counseling considered in this text?
a.
Crisis counseling
b.
Person-centered counseling
c.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
d.
Motivational interviewing
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the major approaches to counseling considered in this book?
a.
Psychodynamic Therapy
b.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
c.
Person-Centered Counseling
d.
Decisional Counseling
3. Using different combinations of microskills with specific approaches to counseling enables you to
engage in which of the following interviewing styles?
a.
Person-centered
b.
Cognitive-behavioral
c.
Brief counseling
d.
All of the above
4. The five-stage interview structure may best be used with ____.
a.
person-centered theory
b.
decisional career counseling
c.
brief interviewing and counseling
d.
all of the above
5. Which one of the following is a current demand put on the helping professions?
a.
Clear and measurable results.
b.
Cultural awareness and new ways to help clients make sense of their world.
c.
The need to maintain focus on human dignity and past traditions.
d.
All of the above.
6. “Find something practical and pragmatic” is an underlying philosophy of:
a.
person-centered theory.
b.
cognitive behavioral theory.
c.
decisional counseling.
d.
Logotherapy.
7. One of the earliest decisional models is the three-stage decision model. Who proposed this model?
a.
Parsons
b.
Franklin
c.
Nezu
d.
Beck
8. A major assumption of ____ is that the client is competent and self-actualizing.
a.
person-centered theory
b.
cognitive behavioral theory
c.
brief counseling
d.
none of the above
9. Which statement best describes person-centered counseling?
a.
The client is the single focus, excluding all other factors.
b.
The client is competent and ultimately self-actualizing.
c.
The client is not competent and ultimately self-actualizing.
d.
The client’s concerns must be detailed and resolved.
10. A person-centered counselor is interested in focusing on the meanings and feelings of the client; the
facts of the problem are considered ____.
a.
more important
b.
less important
c.
of significant importance
d.
of no significance at all
11. Which of the five theoretical orientations presented in this book is BEST represented by the following
lead? There is, of course, considerable overlap between systems of interviewing and counseling when
it comes to specific leads. Thus, select the one best alternative, even though other systems may use the
style at times.
“Underneath your concerns, I sense a lot of strength and capability on your part. You’ve been making a
negative meaning, but I also hear your strengths.”
a.
Person-centered theory
b.
Decisional career counseling
c.
Brief solution-focused interviewing and counseling
d.
Motivational interviewing
12. Person-centered theory is more effective for ____.
a.
long-term in-patient care clients
b.
distracted clients who need more interviewer guidance
c.
verbal, abstract, and self-directed clients
d.
long-term out-patient care clients
13. Which of the following is an INACCURATE guideline for practicing the skills of a person-centered
interview?
a.
Eliminate or minimize questions. Do not use interpretations / reframes, advice, or
directives.
b.
Focus almost exclusively on the client; use the words “you” and “your” and the client’s
name.
c.
The basic skills reflection of meaning and feeling, paraphrasing, and summarization.
d.
Constantly use influencing skills of confrontation, feedback, and self-disclosure.
14. Frankl’s most significant contribution to counseling and psychotherapy is:
a.
cognitive behavioral therapy.
b.
Logotherapy.
c.
multicultural therapy.
d.
motivational interviewing.
15. Which of the following theories is strongly associated with teflection of meaning?
a.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
b.
Person-centered
c.
Logotherapy
d.
Psychodynamic
16. Discernment is a technique used by which theory?
a.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
b.
Person-centered
c.
Logotherapy
d.
Crisis counseling
17. Discernment is:
a.
finding a life vision.
b.
making a decision.
c.
coping with life challenges.
d.
overcoming interpersonal conflicts.
18. In the person-centered approach, the focus on the individual client is predominant, but you can use a
double focus. Focusing on both the person and the ________ can enrich client experiencing.
a.
positive and negative consequences
b.
multicultural / environmental context
c.
client’s presenting problem or issue
d.
variety of resolution alternatives
19. Cultural/environmental/context (CEC) is foundational for which of the following theories?
a.
Multicultural counseling
b.
Person-centered
c.
Logotherapy
d.
Crisis counseling
20. The basic listening sequence (BLS) is a key counselor action in Story and Strengths, Stage 2 of the
five-stage interview structure, in which of the following theories?
a.
Decisional Counseling
b.
Person-Centered Counseling
c.
Cognitive Behavioral Training
d.
Brief Counseling
e.
All of the above
21. The basic listening sequence is central to ____.
a.
person-centered theory
b.
decisional career counseling
c.
assertiveness training
d.
brief interviewing and counseling
e.
all of the above
22. ____ consider(s) basic confrontation between the present behavior and the goal behavior in Stage 4,
restory.
a.
Multicultural counseling
b.
Person-centered counseling
c.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
d.
Feminist therapy
23. ____ give(s) special attention to developing rapport and building a supportive alliance in a natural and
personal style, Stage 1, empathic relationship.
a.
Decisional counseling
b.
Person-centered counseling
c.
Multicultural counseling and feminist therapy
d.
All of the above
24. In person-centered counseling, when we explore the distinctions between the real self and the ideal
self, we are most likely in which stage of the interview?
a.
Story and strengths
b.
Goals
c.
Restorying
d.
Action
25. In decisional counseling, we may lay out homework for the following week. This is representative of
which stage of the interview?
a.
Empathic relationship
b.
Story and strengths
c.
Restory
d.
Action
26. When we use empathic confrontation and suggest alternatives for action in cognitive behavioral
therapy, we are most likely in which stage of the interview?
a.
Restorying
b.
Story and strengths
c.
Goal setting
d.
Empathic relationship
27. In person-centered counseling, which phase may receive relatively little emphasis?
a.
Story and strengths
b.
Goals
c.
Restorying
d.
Action
28. Asking the client what he or she wants to happen in cognitive behavioral therapy is most
representative of which phase of the interview?
a.
Story and strengths
b.
Goals
c.
Restorying
d.
Action
29. Historically ____ has/have given little attention to Stage 5, action.
a.
decisional counseling
b.
person-centered counseling
c.
cognitive behavioral therapy
d.
all of the above
30. In person-centered counseling, which phase may receive relatively little emphasis?
a.
Empathic relationship
b.
Story and strengths
c.
Restory
d.
Action
31. Which of the five theoretical orientations presented in this book is BEST represented by the following
lead? Select the one best alternative, even though other systems may use the style at times.
“Let’s brainstorm some possibilities for colleges you might attend.”
a.
Cognitive-behavioral counseling
b.
Decisional counseling
c.
Person-centered theory
d.
All of the above
32. ____ gives the most attention to Stage 5, action.
a.
Decisional counseling
b.
Person-centered counseling
c.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
d.
All of the above
33. ____ prescribes homework to follow up on the session in Stage 5, action.
a.
Decisional counseling
b.
Person-centered counseling
c.
Multicultural counseling
d.
All of the above
34. Much of even your best helping work will be ineffective, if you fail to ____.
a.
generalize and transfer learning
b.
identify the client’s root issues
c.
properly assess positive and negative consequences
d.
detail insufficient alternatives
35. Crisis counseling:
a.
is the most pragmatic and action-oriented form of helping.
b.
does not emphasize relationship.
c.
should be reserved for mental health clinics that require quick action and accountability.
d.
all of the above.
36. Crisis counseling was developed:
a.
as person-centered theory gave little attention to action.
b.
as assertiveness training is too behavioral and specific.
c.
as a way to help clients cope positively with life challenges in a short-time frame.
d.
all of the above.
37. Which one of the following counselor statements helps normalize the narrative?
a.
“Yes, it is a very complex problem, and there is a solution for every problem.”
b.
“Please be assured that everyone has concerns, and it is indeed possible to do something
about them.”
c.
“Don’t worry; everything is going to be OK.”
d.
“I think we have a handle on your problem; resolution shouldn’t be too hard.”
38. A major assumption in ________ is that clients have their own solutions readily available if we help
them examine themselves and their goals.
a.
person-centered theory
b.
cognitive behavioral theory
c.
crisis counseling
d.
psychoanalysis
39. Which of the following leads is most characteristic and distinctive of crisis counseling?
a.
“How has the problem been affecting the other areas of your life?”
b.
“Sounds like a real challenge you have to overcome.”
c.
“Could it be that you are thinking too negatively about your problems?”
d.
“You are affected by a major stressful event.”
40. Which of the following leads is most characteristic and distinctive of crisis counseling?
a.
“Sounds like your problem is getting worse.”
b.
“What would help you right now?”
c.
“Tell more…”
d.
“What are your behavioral goals for change?”
41. Which of the following is NOT typically observed in crisis counseling?
a.
Calming and caring
b.
Discernment
c.
Action
d.
Debriefing
42. A major assumption of ____ is that changing behavior will result in more immediate change and that
changes in thoughts and feeling will follow.
a.
person-centered theory
b.
cognitive behavioral theory
c.
brief counseling
d.
none of the above
43. Which of the five theoretical orientations presented in this book is BEST represented by the following
lead? Select the one best alternative, even though other systems may use the style at times.
“Could you be a bit more specific about what went through your mind, what happened next, and what
was the final result?”
a.
Person-centered theory
b.
Decisional career counseling
c.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
d.
Motivational interviewing
44. Stress management training is an important cognitive behavioral strategy and could be helpful with
____.
a.
college students coping with study related demands
b.
diverse individuals affected by microaggressions
c.
people living in poverty dealing with daily hassles
d.
all of the above
45. In cognitive behavioral therapy, when we suggest alternatives for action, we are most likely in which
stage of the interview?
a.
Empathic relationship
b.
Story and strengths
c.
Restory
d.
Action
46. Cognitive behavioral therapy stresses:
a.
resolving issues around practical life issues and problems.
b.
how a client understands self and makes meaning of life.
c.
that distorted cognitions can be recorded, monitored, and changed.
d.
client assets and resources to resolve issues.
47. An important part of cognitive behavioral therapy that is especially distinctive is ____.
a.
finding the real self the person wishes to develop
b.
making a sharp and effective decision
c.
recording automatic thoughts
d.
identifying positive assets concretely
48. Dr. Zalaquett, demonstrating cognitive-behavioral counseling, emphasizes that:
a.
modifying negative thoughts will affect action.
b.
meditation is clearly the best stress reducer.
c.
through concentration, we can improve neural connections.
d.
automatic thoughts can improve emotional satisfaction.
49. Which of the following are additional theories presented in this chapter?
a.
Motivational interviewing
b.
Counseling/coaching
c.
Brief counseling
d.
All of the above
50. What is your ultimate goal as a counselor or therapist?
a.
Learn counseling theories.
b.
Develop good interpersonal relations.
c.
Master the counseling microskills.
d.
Use your acquired knowledge with your clients.
TRUE/FALSE
1. According to Logotherapy, there is always meaning to life.
2. All crisis counseling involves two phases: (1) working through the initial trauma and
(2) appropriate referral and discharge.
3. As in the Samurai effect, the basic listening sequence will likely be part of your being and the
empathic relationship—story and strengths—goals—restory—action
framework will become part of your practice, regardless of your final theoretical orientation(s).
ESSAY
1. Compare and contrast person-centered, decisional counseling, Logotherapy, and multicultural
counseling as they might use the five stages of the interview.
2. Compare and contrast the philosophical tenets of person-centered, decisional counseling, Logotherapy,
multicultural counseling, and femist therapy
3. Outline cognitive behavioral training program for a 16-year-old student who is stressed about failing
final exams.
4. How would you design a relapse prevention program to facilitate a client in developing an effective
weight loss program?
5. What do you see as the central aspects of person-centered counseling that might be incorporated into
all forms of interviewing and counseling?
6. What do you see as crisis counseling strengths and limitations?