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Chapter 1—Toward Intentional Interviewing, Counseling, and Psychotherapy
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following aspects are illustrated by Sienna’s case?
a.
The reality of helping
b.
People often face complex issues with no clear ending
c.
A relationship and empathic listening may help develop solutions
d.
All of the above
2. Which of the following focuses on gathering client data, suggesting ways to solve problems, or
providing information?
a.
Interviewing
b.
Psychology
c.
Counseling
d.
Psychotherapy
3. Which of the following is a more personal process that emphasizes listening and understanding client’s
life challenges and developing strategies for change?
a.
Interviewing
b.
Psychology
c.
Counseling
d.
Psychotherapy
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding interviewing, counseling, and
psychotherapy?
a.
These terms are often used interchangeably in this book.
b.
There is considerable overlap among these activities.
c.
Only psychotherapy involves real therapy.
d.
Interviewing is usually short term.
5. Interviewing is a critical skill for which of the following professions?
a.
Counselors and psychologists
b.
Psychotherapists
c.
Detectives and reporters
d.
All of these
6. Which of the following affirmations is TRUE?
a.
The terms interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy are not interchangeable.
b.
Solid interviewing skills are essential to become a successful counselor or therapist.
c.
The overlap among interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy is minimal.
d.
All of the above
7. ____ is primarily focused on normal, developmental issues and concerns.
a.
Interviewing
b.
Counseling
c.
Psychotherapy
d.
Psychiatry
8. ____ is useful for obtaining information about a client.
a.
Interviewing
b.
Counseling
c.
Psychotherapy
d.
Psychiatry
9. How can you distinguish psychotherapy from interviewing and counseling?
a.
Psychotherapy is briefer than interviewing and counseling.
b.
Psychotherapy works with less complex problems of daily living.
c.
Psychotherapy is a more intense process dealing with deep-seated personality or
behavioral disorders.
d.
None of these.
10. Which of the following is a more intense process that focuses on deep-seated personality or behavioral
difficulties?
a.
Interviewing
b.
Counseling
c.
Psychotherapy
d.
Coaching
11. According to Sue and Sue (2013) about ____ of clients drop out after the first session.
a.
5%
b.
25%
c.
50%
d.
75%
12. According to Carlstedt’s findings:
a.
About 50% of the clients did not return after the first session.
b.
50% finished after four sessions.
c.
25% completed their work in 5 to 10 sessions.
d.
Most clients completed therapy by the 35th session.
13. Why is counseling considered to be an art?
a.
Counselors’ experience in the world is key for helping.
b.
Counselors tailor their knowledge and experience to the uniqueness of each client.
c.
Counselors constantly choose from their knowledge-base ways to help clients grow.
d.
All of the above.
14. Which of the following is TRUE?
a.
Counseling and psychotherapy have a scientific base, but applying that science is an art
form.
b.
Science provides a base, but you are the artist who makes it happen.
c.
Like the artist, you bring a natural talent to share with others.
d.
All of the above.
15. Which of the following is FALSE?
a.
Counselors need to be competent in evidence based counseling skills.
b.
Counselors need to know their theoretical systems of counseling.
c.
Counselors need to use the scientific research to precisely determine what will be most
useful way to help each one of their clients.
d.
All of the above.
16. Intentional interviewing is concerned with:
a.
finding the single best response for each client statement.
b.
the counselor knowing one theory exceptionally well.
c.
having many alternative responses available to any client statement.
d.
being able to explain why you made that particular choice.
17. Intentionality is:
a.
deciding from among a range of alternative actions how to help different clients.
b.
having a preferred action or thought to offer to all our clients.
c.
using a preselected point of view to understand clients’ problems.
d.
applying similar skills to help client from different ethnic groups or cultures.
18. The aim of intentional Interviewing and Counseling is to help you:
a.
find the correct answer for helping a client dealing with interpersonal issues.
b.
choose one theory of therapy to help all clients more effectively.
c.
develop multiple possibilities for helping the client deal with the world.
d.
none of the above.
19. ________ can generate alternatives in a given situation and approach a problem from different
perspectives, using a variety of skills and personal qualities, adapting to suit different client needs.
a.
Culturally intentional individuals
b.
Cultural individuals
c.
Individual psychotherapists
d.
Every interviewer
20. If your first effort is not successful, ________.
a.
ask the client if he or she heard your statement
b.
change your approach to the client on the spot
c.
repeat your last statement
d.
all of the above
21. The absolutely correct and "perfect empathic response" ________.
a.
demonstrates skillful multicultural intentionality
b.
likely does not exist
c.
unlocks client inhibitions and frees the client for creative living
d.
is demonstrated by only the most experienced helping professionals
22. According to the authors, seeking the "perfect empathetic response:"
a.
is a useful goal, but extremely difficult to attain.
b.
is often attempted by counselors who seek "right" answers to solve client problems, even
though "right answers" may not exist.
c.
should be a goal for the most effective counselor.
d.
demonstrates that you have achieved full intentionality.
23. The intentional counselor or therapist:
a.
understands the importance of practice to achieve mastery.
b.
is responsible for becoming competent in interviewing skills and strategies.
c.
recognizes the importance of self-understanding in helping others.
d.
all of the above
24. Male Client: (talking about job conflict) I just don't know what to do about my new boss. He is always
blaming me even when I do a good job. He's new on the job; maybe he doesn't have much experience
as a supervisor. But he's got me so jumpy and nervous I can't sleep at night. My family isn't doing well
and I've been arguing with my wife. She doesn't understand what's going on. And the kids aren't doing
well in school.
Which of the following actions is NOT useful or appropriate when beginning to counsel this client?
a.
Reflect feelings.
b.
Ask an open question.
c.
Attempt to use a perfect empathic response.
d.
Summarize the client statement and ask where the client would like to start.
25. Clients come to therapy feeling that they are:
a.
stuck.
b.
relaxed.
c.
functioning well.
d.
focusing on their strengths.
26. Which of the following have immense faith in the ability of humans to overcome challenges and take charge
of their lives?
a.
Freud and Titchener
b.
Rogers and Maslow
c.
Skinner and Amsel
d.
All of the above
27. The microskills hierarchy:
a.
describes interview skills in order of importance.
b.
demonstrates that alternative settings require different counseling skills.
c.
forms the foundation of intentional interviewing.
d.
demonstrates clearly that different clients have different needs.
28. Microskills are:
a.
comprehensive intervention skills.
b.
communication skills units.
c.
persuasive communication strategies.
d.
hidden codes of communication.
29. In session, the microskills may have:
a.
different effects on people from varying cultural backgrounds.
b.
consistent and predictable effects on people from varying cultural backgrounds.
c.
limitations due to lack of emphasis on multicultural issues.
d.
predictable impact on White clients, but not on People of Color.
30. The microskills rest on a base of ____.
a.
multicultural competence, wellness, and positive psychology
b.
genetics, ethics, and strengths
c.
listening competencies, ethics, and drive
d.
ethics, multicultural competence, and wellness
31. Which of the following is TRUE about the microskills?
a.
They are the foundation of intentional counseling and therapy.
b.
They are communication skill units of the session interview.
c.
Effective use of microskills enables you to anticipate how clients will respond to your
interventions.
d.
All of these.
32. Attending behavior includes all of the following choices, EXCEPT ____.
a.
culturally appropriate listening
b.
listening skills
c.
being totally empathetic with the client
d.
using appropriate patterns of body language and vocal quality
33. Which of the following is FALSE?
a.
Eye contact and body language patterns differ among cultural groups.
b.
Religion, class, and gender are part of multicultural differences.
c.
We can expect individuals from different cultural groups to have the same behavior.
d.
Stereotyping individuals or cultural groups is inappropriate.
34. Conducting a full client interview using only listening skills:
a.
is a key skill to be learned by helping professionals.
b.
is possible only if the interviewer is a consummate professional.
c.
is not possible by any helping professional; other skills are required.
d.
is a ludicrous idea.
35. The Microskills Hierarchy
a.
demonstrates clearly that different clients have different needs.
b.
demonstrates that alternative settings for counseling require different skills.
c.
describes the skills in order of importance.
d.
provides a picture of the microskills as they move from attending to influencing to skill
integration.
36. Most important to developing competence in the microskills is
a.
understanding the concepts.
b.
audio and videotape feedback.
c.
learning to identify and classify skills.
d.
practice.
37. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps used to learn the microskills?
a.
Warm up
b.
Review
c.
Analyze
d.
Practice
38. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the microskills learning model?
a.
Warm up
b.
View
c.
Interpret
d.
Generalize
39. Which of the following accurately summarizes the five-step model for practical competence and
mastery of the microskills?
a.
Read about the skill; Define its key features; Observe skill in role-play; Practice the skill;
Record results
b.
Warm up by focusing on the skill; View it in action; Read about its effective use; Practice
in role-play; Generalize
c.
Plan for learning; Observe the skill; Define skill purpose; Observe skill in role-play;
Practice and plan
d.
Observe skill in action; Plan for learning; Learn the skill; Practice in role-play; Take
action
40. Which of the following is NOT a true finding of microskills research?
a.
The skills have been shown to be teachable and show construct validity.
b.
Practice with the skills to competence levels appears to be especially important in
developing competence.
c.
People can learn to use the skills but their impact on clients is minimal.
d.
Different counseling theories have different patterns of microskill usage.
41. A focus on what the client ____ should be a part of your standard interviewing plan.
a.
can do
b.
will do
c.
must do
d.
is unable to do
42. Which of the following sequences outlines the basic strength-based framework for human change?
a.
Empathic Relationship
⎯
Interview
⎯
Analyze
⎯
Integrate
⎯
Act
b.
Story
⎯
Goal and Positive Assets
⎯
Plan
⎯
Restory
⎯
Action
c.
Empathic Relationship
⎯
Story and Strengths
⎯
Goals
⎯
Restory
⎯
Action
d.
Interview
⎯
Wellness and Client Strengths
⎯
Goals
⎯
Planning
⎯
Action
43. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a.
Narrative theory emphasizes conditioning and shaping of behavior.
b.
Restorying rewires the brain.
c.
Narrative and microskills help understand multiple theories.
d.
None of the above.
44. ____ is another term for relationship.
a.
Affiliation
b.
Working alliance
c.
Active liaison
d.
Engagement
45. Approximately ____ percent of successful counseling and therapy outcome is said to be due to
relationship or common factors.
a.
10%
b.
20%
c.
30%
d.
40%
46. Common factors include ____.
a.
caring and empathy
b.
acceptance and affirmation
c.
encouragement
d.
all of these
47. Which of the following is NOT part of the common factors described by Duncan et al?
a.
Caring and empathy
b.
Acceptance and affirmation
c.
Analysis and interpretation
d.
Encouragement
48. Drawing out the details of a client's concern, issue, or problem is ____.
a.
story and strengths
b.
positive asset
c.
restory
d.
action
49. Find strengths and resources in every client _____.
a.
story
b.
goals
c.
restory
d.
action
50. Helping clients find new ways of thinking and talking about their issues and concerns is ____.
a.
story
b.
positive asset
c.
restory
d.
action
51. Potential benefits of restory include ____.
a.
development of new stories
b.
deeper awareness of emotional experience
c.
new behavioral actions
d.
all of these
52. Helping the client take what is learned out of the interview is ____.
a.
story
b.
positive asset
c.
restory
d.
action
53. Which of the following is the LEAST effective response when drawing out and listening to the client’s
story?
a.
Reflecting the client’s emotions
b.
Asking an open question
c.
Focusing on understanding the problem
d.
Telling the client what to do
54. Which of the following is NOT true about empathic relationship?
a.
Empathic relationship highlights the importance of developing rapport and trust with your
client.
b.
Empathic relationship requires that you be open to individuals different from you.
c.
Despite individual differences, the empathic relationship will be the same from interview
to interview.
d.
Your attending and empathic listening skills will be key to the empathic relationship.
55. Which of the following is TRUE about multiculturalism?
a.
Multiculturalism is different from diversity or cross-culturalism.
b.
Multiculturalism refers only to the major racial groups.
c.
Everybody is a multicultural being.
d.
All of the above are true.
56. Gender, sexual orientation, age, geographic location, physical ability, religion/spirituality, and
socioeconomic status:
a.
are diversification factors only.
b.
must be included with race and ethnicity as multicultural factors.
c.
are never included in multicultural factors.
d.
may or may not be included depending on the counselor personal preference.
57. Multiculturalism refers to more than race and ethnicity. The RESPECTFUL model expands the
definition of difference. Which of the following is included in the 10 dimensions of difference defined
by the RESPECTFUL model?
a.
Sexual identity
b.
Trauma
c.
Location of residence
d.
All of the above
58. Approximately what percentage of medical issues involve the brain and stress?
a.
90%
b.
80%
c.
70%
d.
60%
59. Stressful events can:
a.
leave a trail of happy emotions.
c.
leave a mark in your brain.
b.
leave a relaxed sensation.
d.
do all of the above.
60. Which of the following is TRUE regarding stress?
a.
We need some stress for learning.
b.
Stress management is an important part of counseling.
c.
Therapeutic lifestyle changes can ameliorate stress.
d.
All of the above are true.
61. fMRI is a __________________.
a.
brain imaging technique
b.
technique to reduce brain tumors
c.
telesensor used to count brain cells
d.
functional stereotaxic apparatus
62. Which of the following is NOT true about the brain?
a.
The brain is capable to change.
b.
Thoughts, feelings, and actions determine the health of our brain.
c.
Over time the brain loses the power to change itself on the basis of experience.
d.
None of the above are false.
63. The brain can develop new connections and even new neurons over time. This process is named:
a.
neurofeedback.
b.
a statement that needs to be questioned.
c.
neurotaxis
d.
neuroplasticity
64. According to Schwartz and Begley (2003), its neuroplasticity allows the brain to:
a.
develop autoimmune reactions.
b.
rewire itself.
c.
replace decaying gray matter with glial cells.
d.
age gracefully.
65. New neural connections can be developed in interviewing and counseling. This is an interactive
process in which:
a.
counselors impact the client’s brain.
b.
clients impact the counselor’s development.
c.
both counselors and client change in the interviewing process.
d.
the hippocampus is influenced by the knowledge of the counselor.
66. Which of the following is the definition of natural style used in the book?
a.
Natural style is what you develop after completing the chapters included in this book.
b.
Natural style is your rational way of working with others to help them achieve their goals
and aspirations.
c.
Natural style is doing what you like with the hopes of helping others achieve what you
believe is best for them.
d.
Natural style is your spontaneous way of working with others to help them achieve their
goals.
67. The authors argue that natural style is a basic building block of intentional counseling. Which of the
following is NOT part of their view of natural style?
a.
It is best to identify one’s natural style and then always hold to it.
b.
We all have natural strengths in communication.
c.
Too many people in interviewing training may forget the many strengths they bring to the
course even before instruction begins.
d.
Instruction, practice, and learning new skills and strategies can enhance natural style.
68. The microskills framework has been applied to ____.
a.
AIDS prevention training in Africa
b.
Aboriginal social workers in Australia
c.
business managers in Sweden, Japan, and the U.S.
d.
all of these
69. The microskills framework has been tested and used with:
a.
counseling and interviewing training.
b.
management training.
c.
nurse and physician training.
d.
all of these.
70. Ivey, Ivey, and Zalaquett describe four levels of competence for interviewers and counselors. They
are:
a.
Level 1: Basic competence; Level 2: Documentation competence; Level 3: Skill
competence; and Level 4: Instructional competence.
b.
Level 1: Introductory competence; Level 2: Classification competence; Level 3: Active
competence; and Level 4: Instructive competence.
c.
Level 1: Identification and classification; Level 2: Basic competence; Level 3: Intentional
competence; and Level 4: Psychoeducational teaching competence.
d.
Level 1: Classification; Level 2: Participation; Level 3: Assessment; and Level 4:
Instruction.
71. Which of the following is NOT one of the four levels of competence identified in this chapter?
a.
Level 1: Identification and classification
b.
Level 2: Basic competence
c.
Level 3: Learning competence
d.
Level 4: Psychoeducational teaching competence
72. Teaching competence is important because:
a.
teaching a skill increases your own level of mastery.
b.
others can benefit from your knowledge.
c.
you can promote the development of social skills.
d.
all of the above are true.
73. What would you expect from a person at a basic level of competence?
a.
To be able to perform the skills in an interview
b.
To be able to use a skill with predictable results
c.
To be able to teach the skill to someone else
d.
None of the above
TRUE/FALSE
1. Intentional interviewing is more concerned with finding the right answer for the client than with how
many potential responses may be helpful.
2. A longer-term goal of effective counseling and therapy is the development of client resilience.
3. Another term for relationship is working alliance.
4. We can’t separate the body from the mind or the individual from his or her environment and culture.
5. Research has shown that the human brain develops new neural connections throughout the lifespan
and changes in response to new situations or experiences in the environment – a brain can rewire itself.
6. According to the authors, effective interviewers gradually develop a blend of natural style and learned
competencies.
7. According to the authors, effective interviewers are born.
8. According to your book, awareness of yourself as a person of capability is your foundation for growth.
ESSAY
1. "I'm not sure where to focus careerwise. The job market is tight. I really want to be a teacher. I like
kids. But then, I am getting married when I graduate. And what can I do with a major in history?"
a.
What would you say to this client?
b.
Discuss your response in relation to the concept of intentionality.
c.
One of your goals might be to help this client become more intentional. What would he or
she be like at the end of counseling if your work has been successful and the client has
increased ability to be intentional?
2. Let us suppose that the client is a White European-American, an African-American or Latina/Latino.
How would your responses change or remain similar? Are there contextual issues which need to be
considered as part of the helping interview?
3. Cultural intentionality asks us to act with a sense of capability and decide from a range of alternative
actions in changing life situations with awareness of cultural differences. Taking the concept, how
would you apply it to a client who presents you with:
a.
just being fired (man? woman?)
b.
the spouse has just deserted the family?
c.
a death in the family?
d.
issues of child abuse?
4. Define and discuss the similarities and differences between interviewing, counseling and
psychotherapy.
5. Outline the main points and concepts of the Microskills Hierarchy.
6. Briefly discuss counseling as a science and as an art.
7. Imagine a client comes to you with an issue around interpersonal conflict. How would you use the
empathic relationship
⎯
story and strengths
⎯
goals
⎯
restory
⎯
action concepts to facilitate their
development? Provide concrete examples of your actions within each of the five concepts.
8. Define yourself as a multicultural being. What are your many varying cultural backgrounds? How
might your background and experience affect your work in interviewing, counseling, and
psychotherapy?
9. Explain how the following rule applies to the culturally intentional interviewer: "If something you try
doesn't work, don't try more of the same. Try something different!"
10. Explain why it is important to focus on your own natural style or abilities.
