1) piaget most often linked the various forms of preoperational thought to
a. egocentrism
b. hierarchic integration
c. a lack of conservation
d. transductive thinking
2) imprinting is most precisely defined as the process by which
a.the releasing stimuli of instincts are filled in
b.animals learn to follow their principal attachment figures
c.animals learn the environment of adaptedness
d.both humans and animals learn the objects of later sexual desires
3) on which issue are the stage theories of erikson and piaget in agreement?
a. whether all people reach the highest stages
b. whether the stages represent hierarchic integrations
c. whether biological maturation is a powerful force
d. whether the stages are qualitatively different
4) piaget emphasized the importance of
a.early schooling
b.biological maturation
c.adult teaching
d.independent thinking
5) gesell said children
a.are like miniature adults
b.have an inner wisdom about what they are ready to do
c.learn primarily through rewards and punishments
d.are best raised according to standard, culture-wide expectations
6) studies on pro-social behavior suggest that
a.preaching can have strong short-term effects but can backfire
b.modeling a behavior for children always has stronger effects than
issuing orders
c.practicing and preaching have about the same effects
d.preaching is always more effective than modeling a behavior
7) when a child begins to master conservation and classification tasks, she begins to
attain
a. tertiary circular reactions
b. formal operations
c. preoperational thought
d. concrete operations
8) piagets critics charge that he made development appear too slow. discuss this
criticism with respect to either: a) object permanence, b) conservation training, or c)
kamiis teaching methods. then, describe the piagetian response.
9) when children pick up the rules underlying modeled behavior, bandura calls the
process
a.cognitive modeling
b.observational learning
c.abstract modeling
d.rule-induced modeling
10) a phenomenological approach with autistic children includes
a. putting ourselves in their shoes
b. appreciating the need for autonomy
c. looking at overt phenomena
d. all of the above
11) in their child rearing advice, bowlby and ainsworth say parents should
a.be authoritative but not authoritarian
b.teach children early independence
c.take their cues from their children
d.master goal-corrected behavior
12) in piagets theory, deferred imitation is an example of
a.primary circular reactions
b.secondary circular reactions
c.the coordination of secondary schemes
d.the beginning of thought
13) piaget said cognitive behavior develops in sequences because
a. it becomes more differentiated, complex, and comprehensive
b. the sequences are genetically determined
c. this is simply the best way to describe the data
d. maturation governs intellectual development as much as motor
development
14) piagetians generally believe that bandura
a.is in agreement with them, except for minor details
b.is more in agreement with freudian thinking than their own
c.has demonstrated the effects of classical conditioning
d.underestimates the power of spontaneous interests
15) the text indicates how skinner discussed emotions as the effects of
a.reinforcement schedules
b.shaping
c.discriminative stimuli
d.behavior chains
16) skinners attitude toward the theory of natural selection seemed basically
a.positive
b.negative
c.mixed
d.unclear
17) maslow said psychology should give more attention to thinking that is
a. goal directed
b. objective and detached
c. computer-based
d. fresh and nave
18) humanistic psychologists believe that the recent cognitive science movement
a. has finally brought piaget to the forefront
b. supports behaviorism
c. gives a one-sided picture of humans
d. all of the above
19) choose one (1): a, b, or c.
a.infant crying is often viewed as an expression of discomfort, or a simple reflex, or
mere fussing. how does an ethological perspective add to our understanding of it?
b. a 2-year-old girl is taken by her parents to the hospital for an operation. when the
parents begin to leave, the child dries desperately. prior to bowlby, we might have
supposed the child was immature. how has bowlbys theory cast such behavior in a new
light?
c.people see the infants early social smiles as very cute, but think nothing more about
them. how does bowlbys theory add to our understanding of the early social smile?
20) piaget paid considerably more attention to
a. infancy than childhood and adolescence
b. childhood than infancy
c. the structure of thought than movement from stage to stage
d. social thought than scientific thought