The fundamental assumption of substitutes- for- leadership researchers is that:
a. when a task is highly satisfying and enjoyable, the leader should show acceptance
and compassion as it is not provided by the task.
b. effective leadership is the ability to recognize and provide the support not already
provided by task, group, and organization.
c. substitutes for leadership cannot be designed into organizations in ways to
complement existing leadership.
d. when a task is highly structured and routine, the leader should provide clarification of
task objectives and responsibilities as it is not provided by the task.
The_____________, a leader frame of reference, views an organization as a rational
system and strives for clarity of direction and control of results.
a. political frame
b. structural frame
c. human resource frame
d. symbolic frame