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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
c.
the work itself
d.
alma mater
e.
attitudes
68. As a manager, if you want to increase your subordinates’ job satisfaction, focus first on __________________.
a.
improving their after-work activities
b.
improving the nature of the work itself
c.
locating the office in a nice place
d.
locating the break room in a nice place
e.
ensuring that the work area is always pulsing with sweet jams
69. Employees who find intrinsic value in their work are doing what is ____________.
a.
important to them
b.
important to their spouse
c.
not important to them
d.
obligatory
e.
none of these
a
70. Our job satisfaction tends to ___________ over time, ______ when we change jobs or employers.
a.
increase, especially
b.
decrease, especially
c.
fluctuate randomly, including
d.
stay constant, even
e.
stay constant, except
71. __________ commitment is defined as feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.
a.
Dysfunctional
b.
Continuance
c.
Affective
d.
Normative
e.
none of these
72. __________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification
with its values and goals.
a.
Dysfunctional
b.
Continuance
c.
Affective
d.
Normative
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e.
none of these
c
73. __________ commitment is defined as staying with an organization because of perceived high costs involved with
leaving.
a.
Dysfunctional
b.
Continuance
c.
Affective
d.
Normative
e.
none of these
74. An employee who just finished an MBA paid for by a firm’s tuition reimbursement program might feel a moral
obligation to stay with the employer for at least a few years to repay the debt. This person would be classified by which
type of commitment?
a.
Dysfunctional
b.
Continuance
c.
Affective
d.
Normative
e.
none of these
75. Which one of the following statements most clearly embodies continuance commitment?
a.
“I work here because it would be wrong of me to quit.”
b.
“I work here because I’m afraid to quit.”
c.
“I work here because I want to.”
d.
“I work here because I have to work somewhere.”
e.
“I work here because I don’t have a choice.”
e
76. ______________is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for her job,
organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences her to apply additional discretionary effort to his/her work
a.
Normative commitment
b.
Affective commitment
c.
Community engagement
d.
Employee engagement
e.
Job satisfaction
77. ____________ workers do not perform close to their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational
connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort.
a.
Introverted
b.
Efficient
c.
Inefficient
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d.
Engaged
e.
Disengaged
e
78. Engagement is enhanced when employees _______________.
a.
have clear goals and roles
b.
have the resources needed to do a good job
c.
get meaningful feedback on their performance
d.
are able to use their talents
e.
all of these
e
79. ____________ is a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a
particular way or with certain emotions.
a.
Psychology
b.
Creativity
c.
Intelligence
d.
Affectivity
e.
Personality
80. What are the two types of affectivity?
a.
positive and negative
b.
high and low
c.
distress and eustress
d.
anxious and relaxed
e.
odd and even
a
81. _____________ refer(s) to manageable levels of stress for reasonable periods of time that generate positive emotions
including satisfaction, excitement, and enjoyment.
a.
Functional stress
b.
Dysfunctional stress
c.
Collateral programs
d.
Collateral damage
e.
General adaptation syndrome
a
82. Which of the following is NOT a healthy coping strategy for stress?
a.
overeating
b.
social support
c.
meditation
d.
getting enough rest
e.
managing your time
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a
83. What term refers to forming oversimplified beliefs about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in
that particular group will behave the same way?
a.
bigotry
b.
stereotyping
c.
selective perception
d.
indiscriminate perception
e.
projection
84. Once we categorize someone as a high performer, we focus more on (and better remember) information related to her
___________ and disregard more of the information reflecting her _____________.
a.
low performance, high performance
b.
high performance, low performance
c.
personality, appearance
d.
appearance, personality
e.
appearance, high performance
85. What term refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good)
characteristic?
a.
the halo effect
b.
first impression bias
c.
selective perception
d.
stereotyping
e.
the Hawthorne effect
a
86. What term refers to evaluating a person’s characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics?
a.
the contrast effect
b.
the comparison effect
c.
the assimilation effect
d.
the accommodation effect
e.
the Coriolis effect
a
87. What term refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people?
a.
negative affect
b.
positive affect
c.
attribution
d.
projection
e.
obfuscation
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
88. If a hiring manager is interviewing someone who reminds him of himself when he was just starting out, he may
assume that the candidate also shares his values, work ethic, and abilities. This is an example of what phenomenon?
a.
the contrast effect
b.
the halo effect
c.
first impression bias
d.
stereotyping
e.
projection
e
89. People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics. This phenomenon is an example of which of the
following?
a.
the contrast effect
b.
the halo effect
c.
first impression bias
d.
stereotyping
e.
projection
90. After encountering an exceptionally good cashier, we might see an average cashier and evaluate him as below
average. This is an example of which of the following?
a.
the contrast effect
b.
the halo effect
c.
first impression bias
d.
stereotyping
e.
projection
a
91. Perceptions are ____________ to change once they are formed.
a.
trivial
b.
easy
c.
impossible not
d.
difficult
e.
impossible
92. What term refers to employees’ perceptions of organizational events, policies, and practices as being fair or not fair?
a.
employee engagement
b.
social justice
c.
organizational fairness
d.
organizational commitment
e.
person-organization fit
c
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
93. What term refers to the perceived fairness of the outcome received?
a.
managerial fairness
b.
organizational fairness
c.
interactional fairness
d.
procedural fairness
e.
distributive fairness
e
94. What term refers to the perceived fairness of the way the outcome was generated?
a.
managerial fairness
b.
organizational fairness
c.
interactional fairness
d.
procedural fairness
e.
distributive fairness
95. What term refers to the perceived fairness of the amount of information given by the makers of the decision, the
treatment of the people affected by the decision, and the explanations received during the making of the
decision?
a.
managerial fairness
b.
organizational fairness
c.
interactional fairness
d.
procedural fairness
e.
distributive fairness
c
96. How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people’s behaviors and achievements is called
___________.
a.
projection
b.
stereotyping
c.
attribution
d.
selective perception
e.
indiscriminate perception
c
97. ___________ refers to whether the person has regularly behaved a certain way or experienced a certain outcome in the
past.
a.
Attribution
b.
Distinctiveness
c.
Consensus
d.
Consistency
e.
Congruence
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
98. Would others behave similarly in the same situation, or receive the same outcome? This question refers to the concept
of _____________.
a.
attribution
b.
distinctiveness
c.
consensus
d.
consistency
e.
congruence
c
99. Does the person act the same way or receive similar outcomes in different types of situations? This question refers to
the concept of _____________.
a.
attribution
b.
distinctiveness
c.
consensus
d.
consistency
e.
congruence
100. If your roommate is a C student, the distinctiveness of a recent high grade would be _____ and you would attribute it
to _________.
a.
high, external causes
b.
high, internal causes
c.
low, external causes
d.
low, internal causes
e.
there is not enough information given to determine the answer
a
Completion
101. ____________________ are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or
other people.
Attitudes
102. Because Stan once read about a scandal involving a local politician, he thinks the politician is untrustworthy. This
reflects the ____________________ component of his attitude about the candidate.
cognition
103. ___________________________________ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable
with or that contradicts our beliefs.
Selective perception
104. A person who is generally downbeat and pessimistic has a high level of ___________________________________.
negative affectivity
105. ____________________ is an individual’s adaptive response to a stimulus that places excess demands on that
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
individual.
Stress
106. Anything that induces stress is classified as a(n) ____________________.
stressor
107. When a person believes that he or she will get over a stressful event, that person has entered the
____________________ stage of GAS.
resistance
108. If a person feels some degree of panic and begins to wonder how to cope, that person has entered the
____________________ stage of GAS.
alarm
109. Pleasurable stress that accompanies positive events is called ____________________.
eustress
110. Unpleasant stress that accompanies negative events is called ____________________.
distress
Matching
Sheldon and Malik are equally competent scientists who work in the same lab. Match each description with the
psychological phenomenon it most clearly illustrates.
a.
Emily, their lab manager, considers Sheldon the better scientist. When Sheldon makes a mistake, Emily dismisses
it as a fluke. When Malik makes a mistake, she thinks, “Typical!”
b.
When Sheldon completes a successful experiment, Malik thinks it’s because Sheldon is a great scientist. When one
of his own experiments goes well, Malik figures he just got lucky.
c.
On the day he met Emily, Malik had a bicycling accident on his way to work and arrived reeling and distracted.
His mind still on his near-death experience, Malik was curt during their introductions, causing Emily to forever
consider him rude despite his being friendly to her ever since.
d.
Sheldon is more eloquent and more adept at conversational niceties than Malik is. For this reason, Emily considers
Sheldon the better scientist.
111. first impression bias
c
112. attribution
113. the halo effect
114. selective perception
a
Kiko and Shelly work in an accounting firm. When their boss is promoted, both of them apply for his position and Kiko
gets the job. Match each scenario with the type of fairness or unfairness it exemplifies.
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
a.
Shelly doesn’t mind that Kiko got the job and she didn’t, but she feels insulted that the department director
delivered the news to her via email rather than taking the time to tell her in person.
b.
Shelly is sad that she didn‘t get promoted, but given Kiko’s greater skill and tenure with the company, Shelly has to
admit she probably would have made the same choice herself.
c.
Kiko’s brother is married to the department director’s uncle’s cousin’s former roommate. However, Shelly is
confident that the hiring decision was based on objective criteria, not on nepotism, so she will not file any
complaints.
115. procedural fairness
c
116. distributive fairness
117. interactional fairness
a
Match each scenario with the type of organizational commitment it most clearly illustrates.
a.
Gordo hates his job, but he has a serious medical condition and can’t afford to lose his health insurance, so he stays
on.
b.
Yvette not only loves her job but also everything her organization stands for. She’d keep working there even if she
weren’t getting paid.
c.
Billy’s firm just paid to spring his sister out of prison, so even though he doesn’t like his job as a full-time copy
editor and would like to take his chances on the freelance market, he feels like it’d be kind of a jerk move to quit
now.
118. normative
c
119. continuance
a
120. affective
Essay
121. Define perception. Describe two perceptual processes and explain how they affect behavior in organizations.
Answer not provided.
122. Define, discuss, and give examples of affect and mood in organizations.
Answer not provided.
123. Explain the basic process involved in the general adaptation syndrome.
Answer not provided.
124. Define organizational commitment and discuss the three ways we can feel committed to an employer.
Answer not provided.
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
125. Define and discuss terminal and instrumental values, using examples.