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Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
True / False
1. Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is congruence among attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Basic perceptual processes include selective perception and stereotyping.
a.
True
b.
False
3. A person who screens out information because he or she is uncomfortable with the information or the information
contradicts his or her belief is affected by stereotyping.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Stress is defined as an individual's adaptive response to a stimulus.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Stimuli that cause stress are called "stressors."
a.
True
b.
False
6. When a person first encounters a stressor, the first stage is called alarm.
a.
True
b.
False
7. In the workplace, stress is sometimes a positive factor.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to a stressor without
resolution.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Because stress is harmful, it should be eliminated.
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
a.
True
b.
False
10. Distress is known as the positive form of stress.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Task demands include group pressures, leadership, and interpersonal conflict.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Temperature can create stress in the organizational environment.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Stress in organizational settings is not influenced by events that take place outside the organization.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The two most significant forms of withdrawal behavior are absenteeism and quitting.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Organizational consequences of stress include a decline in performance, heart disease, and headaches.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when a person simultaneously experiences too much pressure
and has too few sources of satisfaction.
a.
True
b.
False
17. The use of support groups is an effective organizational strategy for adapting to and managing stress.
a.
True
b.
False
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
18. Better managing a daily schedule through effective time management can reduce stress on the job.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Supervision is not considered to be an important institutional role in managing workplace stress.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Two basic organizational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programs and individual
coping mechanisms.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Trade-offs between extreme demands are usually needed when balancing work-life linkages.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
22. The ____ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation.
a.
cognition
b.
intention
c.
perception
d.
affect
e.
intellect
23. The ____ component of an attitude reflects how an individual expects to behave toward or in a situation.
a.
cognition
b.
intellect
c.
expectation
d.
affect
e.
intention
24. One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that
a.
attitudes are more difficult to assess than personality attributes.
b.
attitudes are stronger than personality attributes.
c.
attitudes are more deeply rooted than personality attributes.
d.
attitudes are less important than personality attributes in predicting behavior.
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
e.
attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes.
25. If you are satisfied with your job because you are given good benefits, this is a(n) ____ component of your attitude.
a.
affect
b.
intention
c.
intellect
d.
behavior
e.
cognition
26. After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for your college tuition, you vowed never to work in a
restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer you receive is a managerial job at a local restaurant. Your
acceptance of this job may result in ____ dissonance.
a.
attitudinal
b.
behavioral
c.
cognitive
d.
affective
e.
intentional
27. George is highly committed and has an attachment to the organization where he works. He feels he is a true member
of the company. George is demonstrating ____.
a.
organizational citizenship.
b.
organizational commitment.
c.
job identification.
d.
job satisfaction.
e.
job involvement.
28. Tammi generally is pessimistic and usually sees things in a negative light. Tammi has a relatively high degree of
a.
self-criticism.
b.
negative affectivity.
c.
locus of control.
d.
Machiavellianism.
e.
self-efficacy.
29. A person who generally sees things in a positive light and seems to be in a good mood most of the time has a high
level of
a.
locus of control.
b.
self-efficacy.
c.
conscientiousness.
d.
positive affectivity.
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
e.
Machiavellianism.
30. ____ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.
a.
Perceived reality
b.
Person-job fit
c.
Selective perception
d.
Complementary congruence
e.
Objective reality
31. When a large-scale layoff is announced in Bill's company, all the workers including Bill begin to complain. According
to attribution theory, we would evaluate Bill's behavior as exhibiting
a.
high consistency.
b.
high distinctiveness.
c.
low consistency.
d.
low consensus.
e.
high consensus.
32. Stressors are defined as
a.
stress on the job.
b.
the result of mismanagement.
c.
stress that accompanies negative events.
d.
anything that induce stress.
e.
situations that should be avoided.
33. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people wonder how to cope with stressors?
a.
Resistance
b.
Exhaustion
c.
Realization
d.
Emotion
e.
Alarm
34. Which of the following is NOT true about the general adaptation syndrome model?
a.
Everyone has a stress threshold.
b.
Some people cannot tolerate much stress at all.
c.
Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress.
d.
Some people can tolerate a great deal of stress.
e.
Each person has a normal level of resistance to stressful events.
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
35. Which of the following is an example of distress?
a.
Excessive pressure to perform
b.
Mental preparations before playing a sport
c.
Giving a speech
d.
Getting married
e.
Getting a promotion
36. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people give up because they can no longer cope with the
stressor?
a.
Deflation
b.
Exhaustion
c.
Realization
d.
Resistance
e.
Alarm
37. Which of the following is a basic cause of stress in organizations?
a.
Life change
b.
Life trauma
c.
Intrinsic demands
d.
Extrinsic demands
e.
Physical demands
38. Task demands that are too low can cause a person to
a.
develop healthy coping techniques.
b.
become bored.
c.
be healthy and pleased with life.
d.
feel invigorated.
e.
become anxious about time pressures.
39. A moderate degree of workload-related stress can
a.
stimulate energy and motivation.
b.
overload the nervous system.
c.
weaken the physical system.
d.
result in apathy.
e.
increase anxiety.
40. A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a(n) ____ organizational
stressor.
a.
physical demand
Name:
Class:
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
b.
personal demand
c.
task demand
d.
role demand
e.
interpersonal demand
41. A(n) ____ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization.
a.
information node
b.
stressor
c.
role
d.
catalyst
e.
demand
42. All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT
a.
Leadership style
b.
Personalities
c.
Group norms
d.
Job security
e.
Group acceptance
43. Smoking and alcohol abuse are ____ consequences of too much stress at work.
a.
psychological
b.
medical
c.
behavioral
d.
physiological
e.
cognitive
44. Medical, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress are primarily
a.
eustress.
b.
burnout.
c.
hardiness adjustments.
d.
individual consequences.
e.
organizational consequences.
45. Psychological consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
depression
b.
sleeping too much
c.
not sleeping enough
d.
headaches
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
e.
family problems
46. Medical consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
Strokes
b.
Ulcers
c.
Accident proneness
d.
Heart attacks
e.
Headaches
47. Behavioral consequences of organizational stress include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
smoking.
b.
alcohol abuse
c.
negative changes in attitudes
d.
aggression
e.
appetite disorders
48. All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress EXCEPT
a.
accident proneness.
b.
poor work quality.
c.
turnover.
d.
absenteeism.
e.
lowered productivity.
49. Usually, high work stress results in ____________ job performance.
a.
equal or better
b.
decreased
c.
no effect on
d.
increased
e.
usually increased, but sometimes decreased
50. Burnout
a.
is most frequently found among high achievers.
b.
occurs when the worker enrolls in stress-management programs.
c.
occurs when a worker puts too little of himself or herself into the job.
d.
is more common among women than men.
e.
is found more often in Type B personalities.
51. All of the following are signs of burnout except
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
a.
Putting in long hours, but getting little accomplished
b.
Dreading going to work
c.
Metal exhaustion
d.
Physical exhaustion
e.
Strenuous exercise
52. Common dimensions of a person's life that are not tied specifically to work include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
hobbies
b.
spouse or life companion
c.
religious affiliations
d.
dependents
e.
working hours
53. Work-life relationships that are separate from work include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
a person's spouse
b.
career goals
c.
dependents
d.
personal life interests
e.
friendship networks
54. Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress?
a.
Making a "to do" list
b.
Sitting quietly with eyes closed
c.
Taking a rest break
d.
Taking a vacation
e.
Taking a nap
55. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested steps for time management?
a.
Impression management
b.
Make a list every morning
c.
Work on tasks in order of importance
d.
Identify critical activities
e.
Identify trivial activities
56. Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral program?
a.
Career development
b.
Employee fitness
c.
Health promotion
Name:
Class:
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Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
d.
Stress management
e.
Shift work
57. Which of the following is NOT a type of value?
a.
intrinsic
b.
extrinsic
c.
primary
d.
terminal
e.
instrumental
58. Which type of value reflects what we want to accomplish?
a.
intrinsic
b.
extrinsic
c.
primary
d.
terminal
e.
instrumental
59. Which type of value reflects how we want to accomplish what we want to accomplish?
a.
intrinsic
b.
extrinsic
c.
primary
d.
terminal
e.
instrumental
60. Intrinsic work values are defined as _____________.
a.
values related to your education
b.
values related to the work itself
c.
values not related to the work
d.
values related to your family
e.
values related to the outcome of doing the work
61. Extrinsic work values are defined as _____________.
a.
values related to your family
b.
values related to the types of work you do
c.
values that give you a lot of job responsibility
d.
values related to the outcomes of the work
e.
values that give you challenging opportunities at work
Name:
Class:
Date:
Chapter 04—Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
62. An example of an intrinsic work value is _______________.
a.
health insurance
b.
social contact with friends
c.
having lots of time to spend with family
d.
challenging work
e.
financial gain
63. Intrapersonal value conflict occurs when ________________.
a.
highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict
b.
highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel
c.
two different people hold contradictory values
d.
two different people hold parallel values
e.
none of these
64. Interpersonal value conflict occurs when ________________.
a.
highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict
b.
highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel
c.
two different people hold contradictory values
d.
two different people hold parallel values
e.
none of these
65. Individual-organization value conflict occurs when ___________________.
a.
an employee's values conflict with the values of the organization
b.
an employee's values conflict with the values of another employee
c.
a friend's values conflict with the values of the organization
d.
family values conflict with the values of a friend
e.
all of these
66. Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance?
a.
change your behavior
b.
change your attitude
c.
reason about the situation
d.
search for additional information
e.
all of these
67. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that has the greatest influence on job satisfaction?
a.
values
b.
personality
