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52) The important groups to which an individual belongs or hopes to belong are known as
________ groups.
A) interacting
B) reference
C) organizational
D) control
E) nominal
53) Jonas Wilkes has struggled for many years with tight finances at home. Throughout school
and college, he worked really hard, earned the best grades, and prepared himself for a better life.
By a better life, he meant a house in the uptown Wellington Road and a membership in the
Diamond District Club where he envisions himself playing golf on weekends. The residents of
Wellington Road and the members of Diamond District Club serve as a(n) ________ for him.
A) nominal group
B) organizational group
C) control group
D) intervention group
E) reference group
54) Which of the following terms best represents voluntary actions that violate significant
organizational norms and, in doing so, threaten the well-being of the organization or its
members?
A) undue hardship
B) deviant workplace behavior
C) antidiscrimination and retaliation
D) progressive discipline
E) wrongful termination
55) Which of the following is true with regard to deviant workplace behavior?
A) It is involuntary in nature.
B) Widespread deviant workplace behavior depends on the accepted norms of the group.
C) It has a negligible adverse impact on organization as it is accepted by some employees.
D) Research on deviance at the workplace has shown that employees operating individually
engage in more deviant behaviors than those who function as a part of groups.
E) Leaving work early is an example of a property-related deviant workplace behavior.
56) Status refers to the ________.
A) impact that support of group norms has on workplace civility
B) adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group
C) socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others
D) existence of roles that are at variance with one another
E) acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members
57) According to status characteristics theory, which of the following factors does not determine
status?
A) control over the resources needed by the group
B) contribution to goals
C) ability to conform to group norms
D) personality
E) talent
58) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on conformity
pressure?
A) High-status individuals are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are other
group members.
B) People in high-status jobs have especially negative reactions to social pressure exerted by
people in low-status jobs.
C) Lower-status people are better able to resist conformity pressures than their high-status peers.
D) Groups exert equal conformity pressure on all individuals regardless of their status.
E) Compared to high-status members, low-status members are given a wider range of discretion
as long as their activities aren't severely detrimental to group goal achievement.
59) A company's dress code policy comes under the performance norms.
60) The popular thinking is that to increase creativity in groups, for instance, norms should be
loosened. However, research on gender-diverse groups indicates that strong political correctness
(PC) norms increase group creativity.
61) An individual's personal characteristics, like good looks or friendly personality, represent
one of the dimensions of the status characteristics theory.
62) High-status members of groups are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are
other group members.
63) What are four common classes of norms?
64) What is the relationship between performance norms, cohesiveness, and group productivity?
65) How can norms be used to reduce deviant workplace behavior?
66) According to the status characteristics theory, what are the three sources of status?
67) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect that size of the group has on
the performance of the group?
A) The size of the group does not affect the group's overall behavior.
B) Evidence indicates that larger groups are faster at completing tasks than smaller ones.
C) Compared to smaller groups, larger groups are better at problem solving.
D) If the goal of the group is fact-finding, then smaller groups are more effective than larger
groups.
E) Evidence indicates that individuals perform better in larger groups than in smaller ones.
68) Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when
working collectively?
A) groupthink
B) collective efficacy
C) social loafing
D) groupshift
E) social facilitation
69) When faced with a number of tight deadlines, Mandy Moore often delegates work
collectively. Recently she chose some fairly experienced employees to work on a high-priority
project. She was heartened to see that the selected group of employees was having numerous
meetings and working hard. However, when she went to check on their progress at the halfway
mark in the project schedule, she was shocked to see how little the team had done in the past
three weeks. This scenario reflects ________.
A) groupthink
B) collective efficacy
C) social loafing
D) groupshift
E) ingroup favoritism
70) Which of the following is a contributing factor with regard to social loafing?
A) difficult task assignments
B) high collective efficacy
C) severe time constraints
D) dispersion of responsibility
E) heavy workload
71) Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing?
A) increasing the rewards the group is given if it succeeds
B) increasing the amount by which the group's progress is monitored
C) ensuring that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified
D) increasing the size of the group
E) increasing the group's workload
72) Which of the following is true with regard to social loafing?
A) Social loafing decreases when rewards are added for collective performance of the group.
B) Social loafing reflects the drastic rise in employee performance when employees work
collectively.
C) Social loafing involves the cumulative rise in productivity when teams increase in size.
D) Social loafing is a result of the emphasis on individual outcomes over shared outcomes.
E) Social loafing is witnessed less in collectivist cultures where people take pride in group
performance.
73) ICE is a non-profit organization that runs awareness campaigns and research programs that
provide data to initiate the process of legislative changes on various aspects of the environment
like forest cover, nuclear fuel, endangered species and others. The ICE operates through
networks of grass-root level researchers who are grouped into flexible project teams whose roles
and duties change with each new project. The ICE believes its employees to be like family, and
an informal environment pervades its functioning without any compromises being made in the
efficiency. Recently, the project manager of the rainwater harvesting pilot project in the suburbs
has been informed of two delays in the project. When the third extension request came to him, he
looked into the matter by speaking individually with the five team members. Which of the
following complaints by the team members, if true, would indicate the presence of social loafing
in the team?
A) A team member complained that the residents of the suburb in which they were working were
uncooperative and did not accept their most cordial requests for helping in data collection.
B) Nancy, one of the new team members, reported that she felt the team was not cohesive
enough.
C) Two of the most experienced employees on the team reported having to shoulder a
disproportionate amount of the current workload and asked for an internal transfer.
D) The scarcity of funds was one of the major concerns that all the team members mentioned.
E) The team members were dissatisfied with the compensation package as they felt they were
putting in a lot of work and being paid relatively less.
74) Greater performance diversity creates greater social loafing the longer a group is together,
which decreases satisfaction and performance.
75) How does group size affect a group's behavior?
76) ________ refers to the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to
stay in the group.
A) Assertiveness
B) Social dominance
C) Authoritativeness
D) Cohesiveness
E) Diversity
77) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and
performance norms on group productivity?
A) When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high.
B) The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the
cohesiveness of the group.
C) If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high.
D) If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low.
E) When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.
78) ________ is defined as the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different
from, one another.
A) Homogeneity
B) Diversity
C) Conformity
D) Civility
E) Universality
79) Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making when compared to
individual decision making?
A) increased ambiguous responsibility
B) increased conformity pressures
C) increased diversity of views
D) increased dispersion of accountability
E) increased pace of decision making
80) When ________ is of importance in decision making, group decisions are preferred to
individual decisions.
A) acceptance of solution
B) speed
C) efficiency
D) clear responsibility
E) legitimacy
81) When compared to individual decision making, group decision making has a disadvantage in
the area of ________.
A) diversity
B) creativity
C) acceptance of final solutions
D) speed
E) accuracy
82) ________ is defined as a phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the
realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.
A) Groupshift
B) Social loafing
C) Ingroup favoritism
D) Cyber loafing
E) Groupthink
83) Sonia Soans is a corporate trainer. One of her favorite ways to start a training program is to
present a case study and encourage members to think of the case in depth and discuss it amongst
each other. Using the results of the activity, she understands the baseline measures of the group's
functioning. During one of her recent sessions, she observed that the group came to a consensus
very quickly. However, when asked to present their views, the team members were not too
confident and appeared to be under an illusion of unanimity. From this scenario, we can say that
this group experienced ________.
A) diversity
B) groupshift
C) role conflict
D) groupthink
E) social loafing
84) Which of the following steps can be taken by a manager to minimize groupthink?
A) increase the group size
B) encourage group leaders to develop a stronger sense of group identity
C) prevent all team members from engaging in a critical evaluation of ideas at the beginning
D) ask the group members to first focus on the positives of an alternative rather than the
negatives
E) seek input from employees before the group leader presents his or her opinions
