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81) Which of the following types of changes involves a new idea being applied to initiating or
improving a product, process, or service?
A) continuous improvement
B) double-loop learning
C) innovation
D) process reengineering
E) organizational streaming
82) Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation in organizations?
A) Organic structures negatively influence innovation.
B) Interunit communication is low in innovative organizations.
C) Short tenure in management is associated with innovation.
D) Innovation is nurtured when there is an abundance of resources.
E) Innovative organizations reward both successes and failures.
83) Bart has a new idea for a way to cut costs in his department, but he is not willing to share his
idea with his boss because the last department head that tried new cost cutting methods was
recently fired because the new methods could not achieve expected results. Based on the
example, how can Bart's company improve the culture to create innovation?
A) flatten the organizational structure
B) reward both successes and failures
C) increase the resources in Bart's department
D) encourage communication between various departments
E) conduct team-building activities
84) Which of the following actions can extinguish risk taking and innovation?
A) long tenure in management
B) encouraging experimentation
C) rewarding for the absence of failures rather than for the presence of successes
D) using organic organizational structures
E) using an organizational structure that scores low on vertical differentiation, formalization, and
centralization
85) Brian's team just had a research breakthrough. They'll need several thousands of dollars to
complete the project. Brian has called a series of meetings in which he's promoting the
significance of the new discovery, explaining the economic benefits that will result from the final
project, and answering questions. Brian is a(n) ________ within his company.
A) change agent
B) arbitrator
C) manipulator
D) idea champion
E) stress creator
86) Idea champions display characteristics associated with ________ leadership.
A) narcissistic
B) transformational
C) autocratic
D) transactional
E) laissez-faire
87) ________ involves correcting errors using past routines and present policies.
A) Process reengineering
B) Single-loop learning
C) Circular logrolling
D) Double-loop learning
E) Organizational restructuring
88) ________ involves correcting errors by modifying the organization's objectives, policies, and
standard routines.
A) Action research
B) Double-loop learning
C) Process reengineering
D) Single-loop learning
E) Organizational restructuring
89) In order to make their firm a learning organization, managers should ________.
A) increase the number of hierarchical levels in the organization
B) avoid the use of cross-functional teams
C) penalize mistakes
D) increase the degree of departmentalization
E) redesign the organizational structure
90) Belonging creates paradoxes between establishing a sense of collective identity and
acknowledging our desire to be recognized and accepted as unique individuals.
91) Paradox theory states the key paradox in management is that there is no final optimal status
for an organization.
92) Short tenure in management is associated with innovation.
93) Passion for change among entrepreneurs is greatest when work roles and the social
environment encourage them to put their creative identities forward.
94) Double-loop learning is an error correction process that relies on past routines and present
policies.
95) Learning organizations use single-loop learning.
96) Where the allostatic load is too great and too prolonged, we may experience psychological or
physiological stress symptoms.
97) What are the various structural variables that facilitate innovation?
98) ________ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity,
demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is
perceived to be both uncertain and important.
A) Change
B) Stress
C) Innovation
D) Stimulation
E) Creativity
99) Which of the following stressors is likely to produce less strain than the other stressors?
A) confusion over job responsibilities
B) office politics
C) lack of unity of command
D) red tape
E) pressure to complete tasks
100) One of Carl's department employees was severely injured on the job. Carl has called in
psychological counselors to talk to the other employees and scheduled a series of safety trainings
for the department to be completed by the end of the week. He has also asked the HR personnel
to talk to the department about the disability insurance that the company offers and make sure
that his employees know what is available. Carl is using ________ to help cope with the stress
caused by his employee's injury.
A) demands
B) action research
C) resources
D) innovation
E) appreciative inquiry
101) Political uncertainties, economic uncertainties, and technological change are examples of
the ________ factors of potential stress.
A) structural
B) environmental
C) organizational
D) personal
E) social
102) Jerry is feeling very stressed because his boss expects a project to be delivered to the client
within a very unreasonable deadline. Jerry has to work nights and weekends to make the
deadline. Jerry is feeling stress due to a(n) ________ factor.
A) environmental
B) organizational
C) economic
D) structural
E) personal
103) Family issues, economic problems, and personality characteristics are examples of the
________ factor of potential stress.
A) social
B) environmental
C) structural
D) psychological
E) personal
104) Benny is stressed with the new corporate reorganization. He now reports to a foreign office
that has usurped many of his responsibilities, including the contract labor for his projects.
Therefore, he's working with new and less qualified contractors with whom he doesn't have a
relationship. However, the managers of the other departments find themselves in the same boat,
and every day they are able to laugh over lunch about their new managerial impotence.
________ is helping Benny handle his stress.
A) Emotional contagion
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Social support
D) Time management
E) Self-efficacy
105) Risa has to work long hours and sometimes weekends, losing out on family time. Risa
doesn't find her long hours overly stressful, but rather she sees it as her contribution to
maintaining her family's equilibrium and well-being and bettering her children's future. In which
country is Risa most likely employed?
A) Venezuela
B) United States
C) Canada
D) United Kingdom
E) Netherlands
106) Rudolf is dealing with impending layoffs at work. Yesterday, at a pharmacy, he measured
his blood pressure and it was high. He also notices that when he thinks about the future, his heart
rate accelerates. Rudolf is demonstrating ________ symptoms of stress.
A) psychological
B) physiological
C) behavioral
D) personal
E) reactive
107) Excessive smoking, substance abuse, and sleep disorders are all examples of ________
symptoms of stress.
A) personal
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) physiological
E) pathological
108) Which of the following types of jobs is least likely to create stress and reduce satisfaction?
A) jobs that make multiple and conflicting demands
B) jobs that provide a high level of feedback
C) jobs that lack clarity about the employee's duties
D) jobs that provide the employees less control over the pace of their work
E) jobs that provide a low level of variety
109) Experience on the job tends to be positively related to work stress.
110) The single factor most consistently related to stress in the workplace is the amount of work
that needs to be done, followed closely by the presence of looming deadlines.
111) Discuss some of the psychological consequences of stress and describe some of the
individual approaches to managing stress.
112) Compare and contrast challenge stressors and hindrance stressors.
113) Louise is overwhelmed with the new tasks that she has been assigned after the department
merger. Each day, she arrives at work and makes a list of the new tasks, writes a number next to
each one according to the urgency of completion, and schedules a time to complete each one.
Although she's still stressed, Louise is able to get most of the work done and feels better at the
end of the day. Louise is using ________ techniques to reduce her stress.
A) job enrichment
B) goal setting
C) relaxation
D) time-management
E) job enlargement
114) Which of the following statements is not true regarding organizational approaches to
managing stress?
A) With goal-setting in the organization, individuals perform better when they have specific and
challenging goals and receive feedback on their progress toward these goals.
B) Redesigning jobs to give employees more responsibility, more meaningful work, more
autonomy, and increased feedback can reduce stress.
C) Managers should consider decreasing employee involvement in decision making because
evidence clearly shows that decreases in employee empowerment reduce psychological strain.
D) Increasing formal organizational communication with employees reduces uncertainty.
E) Some employees need an occasional escape from the pace of their work.
115) Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee's total physical and mental
condition, such as helping them quit smoking or control alcohol use, are called ________
programs.
A) job redesign
B) relaxation
C) employee involvement
D) organizational development
E) wellness
116) Elaine is very good at what she does, but she is constantly stressed by internal deadlines
assigned to co-workers, obligatory meetings, and time lost in unrelated idle cubicle chatter.
Today, after a meeting with her supervisor, she has been given more responsibility for her work,
is able to set her own deadlines, decline attendance to various department meetings, and
telecommute two days a week. Elaine's boss is using which of the following organizational
strategies to reduce her stress?
A) job redesign
B) organizational communication
C) employee involvement
D) organizational development
E) process reengineering
117) Discuss the various individual approaches toward managing stress.
118) What are the various organizational approaches toward managing stress?
