TRUE or FALSE. The highest level of scientific understanding is prediction or the
ability to correlation between events.
TRUE or FALSE. An aversive stimulus can function as both a negative reinforcer and a
punisher.
True/False
One advantage to DRI/DRA interventions is that they teach new, desired replacement
behaviors.
A feature of data that appears to exist because of the way the data is measured or
examined is called an artifact.
TRUE or FALSE. Antecedent-based self-management tactics involve the manipulation
of events of stimuli antecedent to the target behavior.
TRUE or FALSE. Value-altering and behavior-altering effects described the defining
effects in the original definition of establishing operation (EO).
Establishing operations are relatively consistent and do not tend to change over time.
True/False
Contingency contracts should be stored in a visible place.
TRUE or FALSE.
The believability of the changing criterion design is enhanced if a previous criterion is
reinstated and the participant’s behavior reverses to the previous level.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ Positive punishment has occurred when the removal of an aversive stimulus
increases the occurrence of the behavior.
True/False
One should avoid combining token systems with other procedures, such as level
systems. The procedure becomes too complicated and cumbersome to be effective when
one does this.
TRUE or FALSE.
An ecological assessment is an essential component in applied behavioral analysis.
TRUE or FALSE. Research has demonstrated that the use of error correction
procedures during instruction may create an avoidance contingency.
True/False
Initially, token stores should be open frequently.
TRUE/FALSE
One way to make the shaping process proceed more quickly is to implement response
prompts along with the shaping procedures.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ Emotional and aggressive acts are potential side effects of punishment use.
TRUE/FALSE
______ Extinction procedure should not be used with behaviors that cause
serious injury to the subject.
TRUE or FALSE.
The belief that individuals with disabilities should be physically and socially integrated
into society to the maximum extent possible is called habilitation.
You should always connect data points on a line graph, even if there is a condition
change line.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ Ratio strain can result from abrupt decreases in ratio requirements when moving
from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.
TRUE/FALSE
It is important for trainers to ensure that a successive approximation is well established
in the client’s repertoire before increasing the criteria for reinforcement. This will
ensure that the shaping process moves along more quickly.
TRUE or FALSE. An abolishing operation has behavior-altering effect in which a
decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event occurs.
True/False
When selecting a DRA/DRI response, one should select a behavior that is not in the
learners current repertoire in order to avoid accidentally reinforcing something
associated with problem behavior.
TRUE/FALSE
In the early stages of imitation training, practitioners should reinforce each occurrence
of either a prompted or true imitation.
TRUE or FALSE. Contingency adduction is the emergence of accurate responding to
untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of
responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations.
TRUE or FALSE. To maximize the effectiveness of negative reinforcement for a given
response, it is important that there is a great difference in the level of stimulation
present before the response as compared to after the response.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ A decrease in the future frequency of the occurrence of a behavior must
be observed before a consequence-based intervention qualifies as punishment.
True/False
In backward chaining, the individual learns to complete the steps of a task in reverse
order.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ One way researcher’s thin schedules of reinforcement are by rapidly increasing
the response ratio or the duration of the time interval.
A primary reinforcer is an unconditioned reinforcer.
TRUE OR FALSE.
With proper experimental design, the experimenter can control all aspects of a subject’s
behavior.
A mean of 80% agreement means the data are accurate.
The ______________ design is the most widely used experimental design in applied
behavior analysis.
A. Multiple baseline
B. Reversal
C. Changing criterion
D. Multielement designs
Conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) have:
A. Value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned
B. Behavior-altering motivating effects that are a function of a learning history
C. Behavior-altering effects that are unlearned
D. Value-altering motivating effects that are a function of a learning history
__________________ ______ ___________________ between observers is the most
common convention for reporting IOA in ABA.
a. Percentage of Agreement
b. Point-by-point
c. Interval by interval
d. Overall agreement
A stimulus delta is:
A. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced.
B. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced.
C. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be placed on extinction.
D. A stimulus that cues respondent behaviors to occur.
Which of the following is NOT a part of a contingency contract?
a. A description of the reward
b. A method of recording whether or not the learner has engaged in the required task
c. A description of the required task
d. A description of when tokens will be exchanged for backup reinforcers
Elsa conducted a preference assessment for Jordan, a 5 year-old-boy with autism with
whom she works. She arranged 10 stimuli on a table and allowed him a little time to
interact with the stimuli prior to the assessment. Then, she began her assessment,
allowing Jordan to select a stimulus and play with it. When Jordan finished playing
with that item, Elsa put the toy away and allowed Jordan to select another toy. She
repeated this procedure until there were only 3 toys left. What form of preference
assessment is this?
a) Forced choice
b) Survey
c) Multiple stimulus
d) Single stimulus
_________________________ refers to the arrangement of conditions in a study so
that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the independent variable can be made.
A. Intervention
B. Experimental design
C. Single-subject design
D. Group comparison design
All of the following are elements of baseline-logic except
a. Prediction
b. Functional Relation
c. Replication
d. Verification
You would like to implement an interval DRO procedure with one of your students with
autism to decrease hand flapping (so that you can get the student to attend to her work
eventually). You conduct some baseline observations and find that the student stops
flapping her hands for about 2 minutes on average. What would an appropriate initial
DRO interval be?
a. 2 seconds
b. 2 minutes, 30 seconds
c. 1 minute, 45 seconds
d. 4 minutes
The term motivating operation has been suggested to replace the term establishing
operation with the addition of the term(s):
A. Value-altering
B. Unconditioned
C. Conditioned
D. Behavior-altering
E. Both A & D
F. Both B & C
The model and the behavior must have:
A. formal similarity
B. environmental relations
C. behavioral relations
D. imitative behaviors
Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that functions as response prompts for
a desire behavior is referred to as:
A. Habit reversal
B. Massed practice
C. Self-instruction
D. Self directed systematic desensitization
A schedule of intermittent reinforcement is likely to increase the _________________?
A. Resistance to Reinforcement
B. Resistance to Extinction
C. Establishing operation
D. Motivating operations
The time-out room should be:
A. Devoid of any potential reinforcers.
B. Located as far away from the instructional setting as possible.
C. Locked at all times when a student is there.
D. Free of tables and chairs.
E. All of the above
Resistance to extinction is _________________ when extinction is carried out under
high motivation than under low.
A. Greater
B. Lower
C. Faster
D. Smaller
This is a process by which a behavior that was initially selected and shaped under one
set of conditions is recruited by a different set of contingencies and takes on a new
function in a person’s repertoire.
A. Contingency adduction
B. Stimulus equivalence
C. Faulty stimulus control
D. Overgeneralization
When an individual returns from a time-out the first thing a practitioner should do is:
A. Reinforce an appropriate behavior.
B. Discuss why the individual was placed in time-out.
C. Move the individual in closer proximity to the practitioner.
D. Decrease the demands placed on the individual.
E. Go over the rules for appropriate behavior with the individual.
Recommendations for self-administered consequences include:
A. Keep it simple
B. Select small, easy to deliver consequences
C. Set a meaningful, but easy-to-meet criterion for reinforcement
D. All of the above
Matching
A. Spontaneous Recovery
B. Escape Extinction
C. Extinction
D. Extinction burst
E. Resistance to Extinction
F. Sensory Extinction
G. Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)
H. Variable-time schedule
1)_____ A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented
on fixed-time or variable-time schedules completely independent of behavior.
2)_____ The discontinuing of the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
(i.e., responses no longer produce reinforcement.)
3)_____ A behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly
begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its prereinforcement level or
stopped entirely.
4)_____ A schedule for the delivery of noncontingent stimuli in which the interval of
time from one delivery to the next randomly varies around a given time.
5)_____ The process by which behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are
placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory consequence.
6)_____ Behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on
______________ when those behaviors do not produce a removal of the aversive
stimulus.
7)_____ An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is
initially implemented.
8)_____ The relative degree to which operant behavior continues to occur
during extinction.
Match the following scenario to the appropriate operation (positive/negative
reinforcement or positive/negative punishment). The target antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences are provided.
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Positive Punishment
D. Negative Punishment
Rebecca walks by her kitchen cabinet and smells something foul. She looks into the
cabinet and sees that the kitty litter box is full. She scoops the waste and pours in fresh
litter. Rebecca no longer smells the odor. In the future, under similar conditions
Rebecca continues to scoop and pour litter.
Antecedent
Foul odor and the sight of the full kitty litter box
Behavior
Scooping the waste and pouring fresh litter
Consequence
Foul odor is removed
All of the following are variations of the multiple baseline design except _________.
A. Multiple baseline across behaviors
B. Multiple baseline across participants
C. Multiple baseline across settings
D. Multiple baseline across interventions
This is the assumption upon which science is predicted.
A. Empiricism
B. Prediction
C. Determinism
D. Experimentation
__________________ _____________ is the biggest threat to the accuracy and
reliability of data.
a. Indirect measurement
b. Human error
c. Calibration mistakes
d. Direct measurement
An experiment has a high degree of ___________ __________ when it shows
convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and
not the result of unknown variables.
A. Reliability control
B. Stability and rigor
C. Insightful applications
D. Internal validity
Ms. Franklin conducted a survey with her class to identify stimuli that might serve as
reinforcers. All of the students in her class indicated that extra recess time and pencils
would be some things they would like to earn. She then collected baseline data on the
number of math problems each student correctly completes during seatwork time.
Following this, she told her students they can have 5 minutes of extra recess if they
complete 5 more math problems during seatwork time today than they did yesterday.
Each day, she increased the number of math problems the students needed to complete
to earn extra recess. She kept a graph of the results, which is shown below. What can be
said about what she has done?
a) She has demonstrated that extra recess functions as a punisher for work completion.
b) She has demonstrated that pencils have no effect on work completion.
c) She has demonstrated that extra recess functions as a reinforcer for work completion.
d) She has demonstrated that pencils are a reinforcer for work completion.
When Bobby was given a work sheet in class, he screamed and crawled under his desk.
Bobby would continue to scream and remain under his desk until his teacher removed
the work sheet and left him alone. Which of the following extinction procedures is the
most appropriate choice?
A. Extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement.
B. Extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement.
C. Extinction of behavior maintained by positive punishment.
D. Extinction of behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.
If you are interested in amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher
has given an instruction you would measure _________________.
a. Response latency
b. Interresponse time
c. Trials-to-criterion
d. Duration
Match the following scenario to the appropriate operation (positive/negative
reinforcement or positive/negative punishment). The target antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences are provided.
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Positive Punishment
D. Negative Punishment
Simon is sitting in his living room and gets a chill from the open window. He gets up
and closes the window. The chill in the air is removed. In the future, under similar
conditions, Simon closes the window when he feels a chill.
Antecedent
Gets a chill
Behavior
Closes the window
Consequence
Chill is removed
Susie spent most of the day sitting on her bedroom floor, rocking back and forth. While
she was rocking, she would flap both of her hands back and forth. Which of the
following extinction procedures is the most appropriate choice?
A. Extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement.
B. Extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement.
C. Extinction of behavior maintained by positive punishment.
D. Extinction of behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.
___________ ________ enhances the understanding of natural phenomena by enabling
scientists to describe behavior accurately.
A. systematic observation
B. independent observation
C. variable presentation
D. subjective observation
The Premack Principle is useful for:
a) Increasing high probability behaviors.
b) Decreasing high probability behaviors.
c) Increasing low probability behaviors.
d) Decreasing low probability behaviors.
Operant stimulus control has been achieved when:
A. A response occurs frequently throughout the day under a variety of stimulus
conditions.
B. A response occurs in the presence of a conditioned stimulus.
C. A response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely
occurs in the absence of the stimulus.
D. A response occurs more frequently in the absence of a specific stimulus, but rarely
occurs in its presence.
A teacher says: “Everyone, you have math homework tonight. Tomorrow, I will draw a
name from a hat. If that person has completed his/her homework and remembered to
bring it back to school, everyone will get extra recess.” What type of group contingency
is this?
a. Independent group contingency
b. Dependent group contingency
c. Interdependent group contingency
Functional communication training is an application of this procedure:
A. DRA
B. DRO
C. DRL
D. DRH
Define ‘stimulus control” and discuss the role of antecedent stimuli in operant
conditioning.
Write an experimental question ” be sure to identify the dependent and independent
variables of interest.
Match the name of the experimental tactic described in each of the following:
1) This design allows for a quick comparison of interventions.
2) Baseline, intervention, and a return to baseline phase.
3) After steady state responding is attained in the first treatment, the independent
variable is withdrawn and baseline conditions are reestablished.
4) A major advantage of this design is that it does not require treatment withdrawal.
5) This design is widely used in applied behavior analysis due to its ability to expose
variables for what they are ” strong and reliable or weak and unstable. The behavior
analyst is able to turn on and off the behavior of interest through repeated applications
of the independent variable.
6) This design is useful in situations where two or more treatments are being compared.
7) Sequence effects cannot be ruled out when using this design because no
preintervention performance data are collected.
8) These two tactics are considered “control” procedures and might be employed when
a “no-reinforcement” baseline condition is not possible.
9) When implemented completely an advantage of this variation of a reversal design
ends with the treatment condition in place.
10) This analytic tactic is also referred to in the literature as a multi-element design,
multiple schedule design, concurrent schedule design, and simultaneous treatment
design.
Name and describe four ways to transfer stimulus control from prompts to natural
stimuli.
Explain the importance of using a functional analysis to identify the function of a
problem behavior and how it relates to the identification and strengthening of an
alternative response.
Describe some of the ethical concerns revolving around the use of punishment as an
intervention. (Include a minimum of three)
Give an example of DRA using negative reinforcement. In your answer, make sure you
specify what is provided contingent upon the “A” response and what is provided
contingent on the occurrence of problem behavior.
Diagram an example of shaping. Select a behavior to shape, analyze the response class,
and make a diagram that shows how the shaping process might proceed. Your diagram
should show at least 4 shaping steps. At each step, make it clear what response receives
reinforcement and what occurs for the previously reinforced response. Also, be sure to
indicate how response differentiation would be expected to occur (i.e., what responses
do you expect to increase and what responses do you expect to decrease?).
What are two things that can be changed and/or eliminated by altering the antecedent(s)
for problem behavior?
Explain this statement: Ethical concerns about the use of positive and negative
reinforcement are similar and arise from the severity of the EO that occasions behavior
maintained by a given consequence. Give a specific example for both positive and
negative reinforcement in your explanation.
You are consulting with a care provider who is implementing shaping to teach a young
adult to brush her own hair. The care provider asks you if you think he is changing his
criteria for reinforcement too quickly, too slowly, or just right. You ask him to see his
graph of the child’s performance. He shows it to you. What will you look for in order to
answer his question? How will the data influence your answer?
The experimental approach most commonly used in social and behavioral sciences
makes two assumptions about variability. What are these assumptions and what
methodological implications result from following these assumptions?
State and describe the defining characteristics of behavior analysis.
Compare the three basic forms of the multiple baseline design.