Power-control theory is most credited to ______.
a. John Hagan
b. Robert Merton
c. Meda Chesney-Lind
d. Jake Gibbs
The police chief in Anytown, USA, is conducting weekly seminars where the residents
of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in
their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent
seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium.
The question is asked of the police chief present of “Why do some women commit
more crime than men?” The theory best at explaining why some women have biological
and psychological traits similar to those of men and thus may be more likely to commit
crime is referred to as the _____ hypothesis.
a. antifeminine
b. femme-fatale
c. liberal feminist
d. masculinity
Nature theory argues that environmental stimulation fromparents, relatives, social
contacts, and peer groups account for a child’s IQ level and low intelligence.
a. True
b. False
Laub and Sampson identify life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime.
Accordingly, they identify transitions as short-term events embedded in ______.
a. trajectories
b. social capital
c. marital relationships
d. pathways
Spear-phishing attacks have decreased between 2013 and 2014 due to the creation of
the U.S. Anti-Trust and Reinforcement Act which penalizes first time offenders with
life in prison.
a. True
b. False
The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression,
anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called ______.
a. posttraumatic stress disorder
b. disassociation disorder
c. psychosis anxiety
d. victimization anxiety
Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate
child-rearing practices by parents.
a. True
b. False
Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are
better able to resist drug use if they ______.
a. attend self-esteem building programs
b. attend religious services
c. have religious beliefs
d. have parents with religious beliefs
Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice
system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide
transportation to and from court are called victim _____.
a. advisors
b. reconcilers
c. advocates
d. compensators
Oscar Lewis argues that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produces ________
that is passed on from one generation to the next.
a. a culture of poverty
b. physical deterioration
c. social deterioration
d. family disorganization
According to Strain theory, because lower-class people fail to achieve success through
conventional means, they often feel the need to find alternative means of achieving
their life goals, which may include criminality.
a. True
b. False
The American legal system is a direct descendent of _____.
a. Roman appellate law
b. British appellate law
c. British common law
d. Romancommon law
________ theory is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processeshow
people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.
a. Neurophysiological
b. Cognitive
c. Biosocial
d. Evolutionary
Delinquent subculture theory was first articulated by Emile Durkheim in 1936 to
explain displaced juveniles following the Great Depression.
a. True
b. False
Fewer kids are drinking today than 20 years ago.
a. True
b. False
Eco-terrorists are political terror groups involved in violent actions to protect the
environment.
a. True
b. False
The Oil Protection Act of 1990 was established after the high-profile Exxon Valdez oil
spill in Alaska.
a. True
b. False
Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian organized crime groups have
become almost obsolete.
a. True
b. False
Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called
______.
a. norms transmission
b. social transmission
c. belief transmission
d. cultural transmission
Tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic
status, and the high levels of mistrust, negativism, and defiance found in impoverished
areas describes which causal explanation of drug use?
a. Social learning
b. Psychological view
c. Subcultural view
d. Problem behavior syndrome
According to Groth, 40 percent of rapists he studied were ______.
a. sexually victimized as adults
b. sexually victimized as adolescents
c. priests
d. teachers and or coaches
Many argue that the government and law enforcement should be allowed to use any
means necessary to subdue terrorists or to prevent the destruction of lives and property
in an example called the ______.
a. ticking bomb scenario
b. Dzhokhar principle
c. at -all-costs- scenario
d. exception clause
Keith, Paul, and Mike are three teenage boys from outside of Pittsburgh, PA who have
struggled to fit in with the other kids in athletics, as well as academically. They come
from traditional blue collar families and, based on socioeconomic status, would be
considered low class.
Mike, Paul, and Keith decide to steal a bunch of oranges from a market and instead of
eating them, throw them down the drain and waste them so that the store owner can feel
their pain. This is a very malicious act, and clearly is non-utilitarian. The theory which
is best supported here would be ______.
a. delinquent subculture
b. social bond
c. cultural transmission
d. social disorganization
Criminology is an academic discipline that uses scientific methods to study the nature,
extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Under common law, if a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different
cases, it would become a precedent.
a. True
b. False
The consequence of a lack of income and other resources, which cumulatively, leads to
poverty is known as _____
a. resource deprivation
b. instrumental deprivation
c. expressive deprivation
d. ecology deprivation
The process of _____ refers to moving in and out of delinquency or shifting between
conventional and deviant values.
a. transfer
b. waft
c. drift
d. sway
Illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone
who has a fiduciary interest in the company is known as _______.
a. insider trading
b. exploitation
c. peddling
d. chiseling
The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits
similar to those of men is known as liberal feminist theory.
a. True
b. False
A significant criticism of biosocial theory has been that it ______.
a. is the product of flawed methodology
b. is based on outdated research
c. is racist
d. fails to explain gender differences in the crime rate
Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are
crime-prone.
a. True
b. False
According to target vulnerability, having attractive possessions may make one
vulnerable to predatory crime.
a. True
b. False
Choose and explain an example of state organized crime. In your explanation, describe
how this crime changed the structure of American society? Criminality? Conformity?
Answer:Answers will vary.
___________________ theory views that people commit crime when their social
learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than favoring
conventional behavior.
The _________________ school associates community deterioration and economic
decline with crime rates.
An act of disloyalty to one’s nation or state is defined as __________________.
Professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise are
called ________________________.
Describe Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s cohort studies and discuss the findings that
emerged from their pioneering research.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast client fraud and corporate crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain the data found from the most recent White-Collar Crime Center survey and
what it says about the current and future problem of white-collar crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.
___________________ is an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the
purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits.
________ is provided for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable, and in need of
immediate services.
Latent trait theories assume that a _______________ exists that guides human
development.
Explain what is meant by the ticking bomb scenario. In your explanation, provide at
least one example of how proponents state the scenario could be legally enforced.
Answer:Answers will vary.
__________________ includes the killing of a person after premeditation and
deliberation.
______________________ terrorism occurs when a repressive government regime
forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent.
To encourage the arrest of shoplifters, a number of states have passed
___________________ designed to offer retailers and their employees some protection
from lawsuits stemming from improper or false arrests of suspected shoplifters.
Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior are called ______.
Explain the relationship between relationship/marital status and future perpetration of
crime. What theory best explains this relationship in your opinion? Explain your
answer.
Answer:Answers will vary
One group of critical theorists is referred to as instrumentalists. Why do instrumentalists
consider it essential to demystify law and justice?
Answer:Answers will vary.