1. A ________________ _____________ is a group of responses of varying
topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.
a. Shaped response
b. Complete repertoire
c. Response class
d. Skill set
Matching
For each graph indicate if an ascending (A), Descending (D), or Variable baseline in
depicted:
Given an example of an argument that is circular reasoning. Give an example of an
argument that is not circular. Explain why the first argument is circular and the second
is not.
Diagram a novel example of a reinforcement contingency. Include all 4 terms of the
contingency.
Explain why this statement is self-contradictory: “I have tried every reinforcement
program in the book, and not one has worked. I still can”t get Joseph to sit in his chair
for more than 3 minutes at a time.”
Explain the concept of the arbitrary nature of reinforcement.
Explain automatic reinforcement and provide a novel example of it.
Explain why the following statement is false: A conditioned reinforcer is called
“generalized” because it reinforces a wide range of behaviors.
What is the difference between a preference assessment and a reinforcer assessment?
Compare and contrast concurrent, mixed, and progressive-ratio schedule assessment
methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a stimulus functions as a reinforcer.
Look at the following graph from a functional analysis of Laurie’s mouthing. What
would you conclude is the function of Laurie’s mouthing?
A. Social positive reinforcement
B. Automatic reinforcement
C. Social negative reinforcement
D. Both social positive reinforcement and social negative reinforcement
E. Both social negative reinforcement and automatic reinforcement
F. Undifferentiated pattern
True/False
Reinforcing in-seat behavior for a child who frequently engages in out-of-seat behavior
is an example of DRI.
TRUE or FALSE. Wearing the time-out ribbon signals that the individual is in time-out.
True/False
Once you have developed a task analysis, you should not change the sequence of steps,
add steps, or remove steps in the analysis. This invalidates the task analysis.
TRUE or FALSE.
A topographical definition classifies behavior in terms of their common effects on the
environment.
TRUE or FALSE. Self-evaluation involves the comparison of a person’s performance
by himself/herself with goals or standards of other individuals.
The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class
is called response latency.
TRUE/FALSE
It is not uncommon for problem behaviors to be learned via shaping processes.
TRUE or FALSE. Removing a student from the instructional setting contingent on
emission of a target behavior is an example of nonexclusion time-out.
True or False.
Extended designs, such as an A-B-C-B-C-A-C-A-C-A-C multiple treatment reversal
designs are most often preplanned by the experimenter.
TRUE or FALSE. A generalization map involves the combination generalized treatment
effects of across time, across settings, across behaviors, and across subjects.
TRUE or FALSE. Negative reinforcement can be used to teach both appropriate and
inappropriate behaviors.
TRUE or FALSE. Time-out and response cost are basic principles of behavior every
applied behavior analyst should know.
True/False
_____ Verbal behavior makes a clear distinction between the behavior of the speaker
and that of the listener.
TRUE/FALSE
______ If the behavior analyst does not have the ability to control the subject’s access
to reinforcement, an extinction procedure should not be implemented.
TRUE or FALSE. Undifferentiated results obtained in a functional analysis are
considered inconclusive and require further analysis or can indicate that a behavior is
maintained by automatic reinforcement.
TRUE/FALSE
Typically developing children and children with developmental disabilities initially
acquire many skills by imitating planned and unplanned models.
Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are opposites.
True/False
Behavior analysts are especially at risk for conflicts of interest because they frequently
provide treatment in individuals’ homes and because they visit clients and families
frequently.
True/False
DRL is the intervention of choice when you do not want to totally eliminate the target
behavior.
TRUE or FALSE. Faulty stimulus control is when a target behavior comes under the
restricted control of an irrelevant antecedent stimulus.
TRUE or FALSE. Assessment of the function of a behavior can yield useful information
with respect to intervention strategies that are likely to be effective.
TRUE or FALSE. Noncontingent reinforcement uses only two distinct procedures:
positive and negative reinforcement.
As a general rule, it is safer to assume that a high preference item identified through a
trial-based method of assessment is more likely to serve as a reinforcer than one
identified via a survey method of assessment.
TRUE or FALSE. Behavioral effects of high-p sequence suggests the abative effects of
an abolishing operation by increasing the value of reinforcement for non-compliance to
low-p requests and reducing the aggression & self-injury typically associated with
low-p requests.
TRUE/FALSE
______ Spontaneous recovery of the target behavior will be short lived as long as the
extinction procedure remains in effect.
TRUE or FALSE. The total environment where instruction occurs, including any
aspects of the environment, planned or unplanned, that may influence the learner’s
acquisition and generalization of the target behavior is referred to as the generalization
setting.
True/False
A behavior chain with a limited hold results in performance that is both accurate and
fluent.
Operant and respondent stimulus control are identical.
TRUE or FALSE. Antecedent variables include only SD‘s.
Observers should not receive systematic training prior to data collection because
training will cause observer bias.
TRUE or FALSE.
A desired change in the target behavior must occur for self-management to be
demonstrated.
TRUE or FALSE. When using a high-p sequences effectively behaviors should be
selected from the current repertoire and requests should be presented at a very slow,
even pace.
When implementing a reinforcement contingency, it is acceptable to wait 30 s following
the emission of a target response to deliver the reinforcer.
TRUE or FALSE. Empiricism is the assumption upon which science is predicted, that
the universe is a lawful and orderly place, and events occur as the result of other events.
True/False
In order to construct a task analysis, it is acceptable and valid to perform the behavior
yourself and write down the steps to the skill ask you perform them.
TRUE or FALSE. All conditioned motivating operations (CMO’s) are motivationally
neutral prior to their relation with another MO or to a form of reinforcement or
punishment.
Match the following scenario to the appropriate operation (positive/negative
reinforcement or positive/negative punishment). The target antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences are provided.
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Positive Punishment
D. Negative Punishment
Molly is asked to get her book and start reading. Molly gets her book and starts reading.
Molly’s teacher ignores Molly. Molly continues to read her book. In the future, under
similar conditions Molly continues to get her book and read.
Antecedent
“Molly, get your book and start reading.”
Behaviors
Gets book, reads
Consequence
Access to an interesting story
When just beginning to shape a new behavior, what reinforcement schedule should you
use for the initial responses each time you increase the criteria for reinforcement?
a. Variable
b. Intermittent
c. Continuous
d. Interval
The ______________ design can be used to evaluate the effects of treatment on the
gradual improvement of behavior already in the participant’s repertoire.
A. Multiple baseline
B. Reversal
C. Changing criterion
D. Multielement designs
A feature of an event that can be measured is called a(n)
a. Unit
b. Dimension
c. Quality
d. Characteristic
Let’s look at this scenario from another point of view. The parents of the child in
Question 2 are very tired because they work hard and are trying to raise a young child.
The child begins crying. When they put the child in their own bed, the child stops
crying. Therefore, in the future, they are more likely to put the child in their own bed.
What has occurred in this situation?
a) The parents have been reinforced for putting the child in their bed via positive
reinforcement.
b) The parents have been reinforced for putting the child in their bed via negative
reinforcement.
c) The parents have been punished for putting the child in their bed via punishment by
removal.
d) The parents have been punished for putting the child in their bed via punishment by
presentation.
e) There is not enough information to answer this question.
A reflex is a _____________ ____________ relation consisting of an antecedent
stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (e.g., knee-jerk to tap just below patella).
A. Behavior consequence
B. Stimulus-response
C. Respondent-respondent
D. Functional class
Behavior analysts typically use _________________ ____________________ to
interpret graphically displayed data.
A. Statistical analysis
B. Numerical analysis
C. Visual analysis
D. Graphic analysis
The term used to signify a researcher’s ability to reliably produce a specified behavior
change by manipulating an independent variable is
a. Internal validity
b. External validity
c. Control of behavior
d. Experimental control
What is the difference between momentary DRO and interval DRO?
a. Momentary DRO requires that the individual do anything other than the target
problem behavior at the end of the interval. Interval DRO requires that the individual do
anything other than the target problem behavior for the entire interval.
b. Momentary DRO requires that the individual do a response that is incompatible with
the target problem behavior. Interval DRO does not have this requirement.
c. Momentary DRO is usually conducted for shorter time intervals than interval DRO.
d. Momentary DRO is usually more effective early on in intervention, whereas interval
DRO is more effective later in intervention.
Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by carefully attending to
the role of the “aversive” stimulus. In a negative reinforcement contingency, the
aversive stimulus , whereas in a punishment contingency, the aversive stimulus .
A. Is presented following the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
B. Is removed following the target behavior; is present before the target behavior
occurs.
C. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is removed following the
target behavior.
D. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the
target behavior.
Measurement bias caused by observer expectations can be avoided by using _______
observers.
a. Informed
b. Inadequately trained
c. Many
d. Nave
The value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavior measures converge
is called ______________.
A. Trend
B. Rate
C. Variability
D. Level
All of the following are required to determine the potential of a changing criterion
design to demonstrate experimental control except the
A. Length of phase
B. Latency of criterion changes
C. Number of criterion changes
D. Magnitude of criterion changes
A discriminative stimulus is:
A. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced.
B. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced.
C. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be placed on extinction.
D. A stimulus that cues respondent behaviors to occur.
In an alternating treatments design the extent of any differential effects produced by two
treatments is determined by the _________ distance between their respective data paths
and quantified by the __________ axis scale.
A. Horizontal, vertical
B. Horizontal, horizontal
C. Vertical, vertical
D. Vertical, X
Stimulus salience:
A. Can affect the development of stimulus control.
B. Refers to the prominence of the stimulus in the person’s environment.
C. Can depend on the sensory capabilities of the learner.
D. All of the above.
Scored ” interval IOA is recommended for behaviors that occur at relative
_________frequencies; unscored ” interval IOA is recommended for behaviors that
occur at relative _____________frequencies.
a. High, low
b. Moderate, high
c. Low, moderate
d. Low, high
Which of the following is/are conditioned reinforcers?
a) Food
b) Money
c) Tokens
d) Sleep
e) A & D
f) B & C
g) All of the above are conditioned reinforcers
Which is a false statement about the requirements of IOA?
a. IOA observers must use the same observation code
b. IOA observers must measure the same participants and events
c. IOA observers must always score videotapes together
d. IOA observers must observe and record the behavior independent of influence by
other observers
Choose the corresponding answer that best completes the following statements.
A. Bonus Response cost
B. Contingent observation
C. Increased aggression
D. Obtaining permission
E. Type II punishment
F. Withdrawal of a specific reinforcer
G. Group time-out
H. Reinforcing alternative behaviors
I. Partition time-out
J. Hallway time-out
1)_____ An unwanted side effect that can occur with the use of punishment.
2) _____ When the behavior of any individual results in time-out for all.
3) _____ One of the steps to complete before beginning a time-out procedure.
4) ______ Reinforcers that can be lost during a response cost procedure.
5) ______ A procedure that involves obstruction the view of the individual in time-out.
6) _____ A necessary component of the “fair pair” rule.
7)______ Losing access to positive reinforcement and watching other earn rewards.
8) ______ Punishment by contingent removal of a stimulus.
9) ______ Removal from the classroom but within range to hear instrcution.
10)_____ Loss of a particular stimulus.
A disadvantage to using DRO is:
a. It does not teach any new skills.
b. You often have initial increases in problem behavior when it is implemented.
c. If the problem behavior occurs very frequently (e.g., every 5 seconds), it can be a
very labor-intensive procedure to implement.
d. A, B, and C.
e. A and C.
f. A and B.
g. B and C.
The three fundamental properties of behavior illustrated on a graph include:
A. Level, trend, variability
B. Movement, on-going, continual
C. Line, bar, cumulative
D. Series, numerical, data
Alternative appropriate behaviors that serve the same function for an individual:
A. Always involve skills the individual already possesses.
B. Produce the same reinforcer for the individual.
C. Have the same topography as the problem behavior.
D. Always require the same amount of response effort as the problem behavior.
True or False.
An alternating treatments design should not be used with unstable data.
________________ refers to a specific instance of behavior
a. Skill
b. Response
c. Stimulus
d. Function
Problems with scapegoating in group contingencies can be avoided if:
a. The behavior analyst sets the criteria low
b. Delivering reinforcers, even if they weren”t earned
c. Making the contingency elements random
d. All of the above
Positive punishment can best be defined as:
A. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
B. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.
C. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.
D. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
In a changing criterion design, reinforcement is usually contingent upon
A. Duration of intervention
B. Establishment of experimental control
C. Number of experimental sessions
D. Performance at a specified level
Matching
1) ______ Number of responses emitted during an observation period
2) ______ The amount of time in which behavior occurs.
3) ______ The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a
response class.
4) ______ The intensity of behavior responding.
5) ______ A variety of procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a
behavior is observed.
6) ______ Procedure in which the observer records whether each individual in a group
is engaged in the target behavior.
7) ______ Procedure for measuring the effect of behavior on the environment after it
has occurred.
8) ______ The change in rate of responding per unit of time.
9) ______ The number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined
level of performance.
10) ______ Measurement of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the
initiation of a subsequent response.
a) Duration
b) Magnitude
c) Response latency
d) Event recording
e) Count
f) Permanent product
g) Trials-to-criterion
h) Interresponse time
i) Celeration
j) Planned activity check
Which of the following is an example of stimulus fading?
A. Taking a line drawing of a bed and slowly changing it into the letters b-e-d to help a
child learn to read the word bed.
B. Most-to-least prompting.
C. Printing a child’s name on a piece of paper and having him trace his name. Over
time, slowly remove one letter of his name, thus requiring him to trace the first letters
but to print the last letters himself.
D. All of these are examples of stimulus fading.
Match the following scenario to the appropriate operation (positive/negative
reinforcement or positive/negative punishment). The target antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences are provided.
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Positive Punishment
D. Negative Punishment
Devon is driving his brand new car, sees a red light, and “hits” the gas (i.e., he speeds
through the red light). Devon’s car is hit. Devon is fine, but his brand new car is dented.
In the future, under similar conditions, Devon no longer ‘speeds up” when he sees a red
light.
Antecedent
Sees red light
Behavior
“Hits the gas” (i.e., speeds up)
Consequence
Car crash
You are working with a student who is frequently out of his seat. You decide to provide
the student with reinforcement every time he is in his seat for 5 consecutive minutes. If
he does not stay in his seat for 5 consecutive minutes, you withhold the reinforcer. What
type of intervention have you implemented?
a. DRI
b. DRO
c. DRL
d. DRH
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the alternating treatments design?
A. Can be used to compare one or more treatments
B. Minimizes the possibility of multiple treatment interference
C. Does not require treatment withdrawal
D. Minimizes sequence effects
This approach to understanding behavior assumes that inner causes or phenomena
directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, and strongly relies on
hypothetical constructs or explanatory fiction.
A. S-R psychology
B. Radical behaviorism
C. Methodological behaviorism
D. Mentalism
High-p sequence refers to:
A. High-punishment sequence
B. High-probability request sequence
C. High-potential request sequence
D. High-prospect sequence
What advantage does adding a limited hold component to a behavior chain serve?
Match the method of IOA calculation for event recordings with its formula.
What is one important function of a motivating operation?
Explain 3 different ways a DRO interval can be increased.
Define treatment drift and explain the threat it poses to research outcomes.
The preferred method of behavioral assessment to determine which behaviors to target
for change is ____________ _____________.
A Ecological assessment
B Interviews
C Checklists
D ABC recording
What is a “history of reinforcement” and how does it help explain individual
differences?
Describe the importance of calibrating measurement instruments as it relates to accurate
measurement. Discuss how you would calibrate a timing instrument ” such as a watch.
State and describe three common causes of measurement artifacts.
Use the basic parts of a line graph listed below to label the graph that is provided.
What observation problem do time sampling procedures address?
Define and discuss the similarities and differences between unconditioned motivating
operations (UMO’s) and conditioned motivating operations (CMO’s).
Compare and contrast negative reinforcement and punishment.
For what type of behavior is duration recording an appropriate method?
Describe the basic methodology of implementing a multiple probe design and what type
of analysis for which it is particularly suited.
Write a brief statement summarizing the trend and degree of variability depicted in the
graph.
When interviewing a significant other about a client’s behavior, the behavior analyst
should ask variations of all of the following types of questions except
A What
B How
C Why
D When