Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement are
known as ______.
a. preemptive deterrence
b. general deterrence
c. specific deterrence
d. perspective deterrence
Which of the following is not true about election fraud according to the text?
a. In some third-world nations’ dictatorships, election fraud is the norm.
b. Election fraud has existed as a feature of political life since Roman times.
c. Election fraud was the third leading cause of arrests for U.S. politicians over the last
two decades.
d. Flyers containing misleading information about opponents is a primary method of
election fraud.
The biggest hurdle with deterring file sharing crimes is that the U.S. Criminal Code
fails to provide any penalties for first-time offenders in the form of fines or prison time.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following statements is accurate?
a. Societies usually encourage behaviors that lawmakers consider dangerous.
b. The line between behaviors that are immoral and those that are criminal are often
blurred.
c. People with religious beliefs rarely engage in moral crusades.
d. Most behaviors are declared criminal before they are deemed immoral.
Sampson and Laub’s research indicates that building __________ and strong social
bonds reduces the likelihood of long-term deviance.
a. knowledge
b. social capital
c. marketable skills
d. financial capital
Tom, Dick, and Harry are three teens from the Columbus, OH area. Using the
information below, answer the following questions. The three boys got in trouble for
skipping school and for possession of stolen goods. They told their parents that they
didn’t want to steal the items but their friends were doing it and they felt they needed to
support their friends. This would most likely be explained by which subcomponent of
techniques of neutralization?
a. Appeal to higher loyalty
b. Denial of victim
c. Denial of responsibility
d. Condemnation of the condemners
The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood
conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision
transformed into social structure theory.
a. Philadelphia School
b. Seattle School
c. Chicago School
d. New York School
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments
with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not
hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a
victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew
and that he can protect himself.
According to the lifestyles theory, Christopher should associate with _________ in
order to lower his chances of victimization.
a. athletes
b. boys
c. girls
d. college students
What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?
a. Structural theorists view the criminal justice system as a capitalist instrument for
controlling the lower class.
b. Structural theorists believe the law is unidirectional, always working for the rich
against the poor.
c. Structural theorists oppose antitrust legislation.
d. Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.
The police chief in Anytown, USA, is conducting weekly seminars where the residents
of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in
their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent
seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium.
The community is concerned that the police department is not deploying its manpower
effectively. According to the research, during what months should police staffing be
maximized?
a. January and February
b. March and April
c. July and August
d. November and December
According to Laub and Sampson, the life-changing events that alter the development of
a criminal career are called ______.
a. turning points
b. hot spots
c. event dependencies
d. cumulative disadvantages
A relapse into criminal behavior after apprehension, conviction, and correction for a
previous crime is known as ______.
a. Neutralization theory
b. Recidivism
c. enology
d. Responsivity
Restitution sentences can be used to keep offenders in the community while having to
pay back society for their crimes.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following circumstances would prompt an offender to decide to forgo
crime?
a. The offender would receive respect from peers.
b. The offender would stand a good chance of being caught and punished.
c. The crime would be easy to commit.
d. The crime would be thrilling to commit.
The origin of the term terrorism, the French Revolution’s __________________ began
in 1795 and was initiated by the revolutionary government.
a. Reign of terror
b. Trail of tears
c. Time of treachery
d. Time of terror
Life-course persisters may be considered “typical teenagers” who get into minor
scrapes, first in adolescence and, later, in adulthood.
a. True
b. False
Although self-report studies can be used to examine the offense history of prison
inmates and drug users, most self-report studies have focused on _____ crime.
a. adult
b. youth
c. hate
d. school
According to the link between substance abuse and violence, if two rival gangs fight
over the same turf and one individual ends up dead as a result, this would be labeled
systemic violence.
a. True
b. False
Collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is
based on mutual trust.
a. True
b. False
Life course theorists examine offending patterns and trends. Terrie Moffit describes
adolescent-limited offenders as ______.
a. angry adolescents
b. typical teenagers
c. classic persisters
d. standard youth
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments
with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not
hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a
victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew
and that he can protect himself.
Christopher’s mother forbids him from allowing friends come over to his house because
she does not trust them. She believes that, because they are teenagers, they will want to
use drugs, drink, and possibly even steal from her home. Christopher’s mother is
classifying teenagers as ______.
a. capable guardians
b. motivated offenders
c. suitable targets
d. suitable offenders
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments
with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not
hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a
victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew
and that he can protect himself.
One afternoon Christopher is speaking to his friend Johnny on the phone. His mother is
secretly listening to their conversation and realizes that Johnny was robbed at the corner
store a few blocks from his house. Johnny is trying to recruit Christopher to help him
retaliate against his attacker. Johnny knows the attacker is a kid who lives a few blocks
away from him. According to the deviant place theory, which term best describes
Johnny’s desire to retaliate against his attacker?
a. Honor code
b. Code of the playground
c. Prison rules
d. Street code
Examples of Walter Miller’s lower-class focal concerns include achievement, status, and
delayed gratification.
a. True
b. False
Approximately two-thirds of rapes and sexual assaults occur between the hours of 6:00
p.m. and 6:00 a.m.
a. True
b. False
Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality
and crime rates are her two biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on
which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she works from home. Thus,
she is able to work from anywhere in the country.
One of Martha’s children is a 15-year-old boy. He is starting high school in the fall. She
is concerned that he will start to hang out with the wrong crowd and possibly begin to
commit crime. According to the research, the peak age for property crime is believed to
be ____, and thus Martha should be mindful of her son’s activities.
a. 13
b. 14
c. 15
d. 16
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and
hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when
he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison.
He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
Trevor spent his 10-year sentence in a maximum-security prison. There he witnessed
assaults and even murders. Oftentimes, he was in fear for his life. Reflecting back on
the past 10 years and what he was exposed to, Trevor is determined to never again
commit a crime that will cause him to end up in prison. What crime control policy is in
effect here?
a. General deterrence
b. Specific deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Rehabilitation
Robert Hanssen, a former counterintelligence agent with the FBI, who the movie
Breach was about, is one of the most famous cases of ______.
a. espionage
b. voter fraud
c. treason
d. murder
Opium was first discovered in 1887 by Josef Mendelson as a derivative for the harsh
medications used for relaxation at the time.
a. True
b. False
The Internet Crime Complaint Center, based in Fairmont, WV, is run by the National
White Collar Crime Center and which federal agency?
a. DEA
b. FBI
c. CIA
d. INS
FBI records more than 6 million acts of larceny annually.
a. True
b. False
Client fraud involves cheating an organization by filing false claims for reimbursement
for services provided or, conversely, failing to pay what is owed.
a. True
b. False
Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry
determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to
criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future
criminality.
a. True
b. False
While over the last decade drug-related deaths have increased, emergency room visits
for drug abuse have decreased by nearly 60 percent.
a. True
b. False