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Criminologists should be ethical in their research because ______.
a. they may face a jail sentence if they are not
b. they are moral entrepreneurs
c. the lives of millions of people may be influenced by their research
d. they are seeking to validate their own theories
When video cameras set up in a mall to reduce shoplifting also reduce property damage
due to vandalism, this situational crime prevention benefit is termed ______.
a. diffusion
b. dispersion
c. discouragement
d. displacement
Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these
profits for reinvestment or to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of
modern corporate capitalism is termed _______.
a. excess abundance
b. surplus value
c. profit distribution
d. differential wealth
An example of chiseling is the charging for goods and services that the customer never
received.
a. True
b. False
Merton's view of anomie has been one of the most enduring and influential theories of
criminality.
a. True
b. False
Households that have experienced victimization in the past are the least likely to
experience victimization again in the future.
a. True
b. False
The family"crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines.
a. True
b. False
Election fraud can include the calling in of a bomb threat in polling places known to
favor the opposing party.
a. True
b. False
David wins the election. As a result, he part of a group of councilmen who vote to log
an area of town to create green space to entice potential businesses to move to town. In
doing so, the habitat of a local endangered turtle population has had to be relocated. The
relocation has caught the eye of a radical group of ____________ who are determined
to protect the environment and animals at any cost.
a. eco-terrorists
b. nationalist terrorists
c. state-sponsored terrorists
d. lone-actor terrorists
Lea and Young's left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream
sociological theory and closely resembles the __________ approach.
a. social structure
b. relative deprivation
c. cultural deviance
d. social learning
Industrial espionage by foreign agents' efforts has hurt the United States specifically by
eroding the U.S. military advantage.
a. True
b. False
The free choice view is that prostitution, if freely chosen, expresses women's equality
and is not a symptom of subjugation.
a. True
b. False
When evaluating the three primary sources of crime data, the crime patterns and trends
are ______.
a. often quite dissimilar
b. often quite similar
c. incapable of providing an accurate picture of crime
d. not consistent over time
The Uniform Crime Report indicates that __________ of all murders and about 40
percent of all robberies involve firearms.
a. 33 percent
b. 70 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 90 percent
Research indicates a variety of facts about murder. Which of the following murder facts
is inaccurate?
a. Over 40 percent of murders in which the attacker can be identified involved an
intimate partner.
b. Murder tends to be an intraracial crime
c. Most murders occur among people who are acquainted.
d. Females age 65 or older are more likely than males of the same age to be homicide
victims
According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids
choose delinquent peers?
a. Troubled kids do so because they are not involved in after-school activities.
b. Troubled kids do so because they fail to understand truancy and delinquency laws.
c. Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire.
d. Troubled kids are biologically drawn or attracted to troublemakers.
Research affirms Hirschi's contention that delinquents are detached loners whose bonds
to friends have been broken.
a. True
b. False
At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did
not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give
them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed
over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence.
There are different types of twins. The boys are most likely __________ twins if it is
determined that they are very close in such crime-relevant measures as level of
aggression and verbal skills.
a. dizygotic
b. dualgotic
c. monozygotic
d. polygotic
Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand
and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink
and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony,
an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim
accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air.
Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury
convicted Donald of manslaughter.
Who would argue that Donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the
victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will?
a. A conflict theorist
b. A critical criminologist
c. A positivist
d. A rational choice theorist
The man who was considered the "father of criminology" and who referred to offenders
as "born criminals" was
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Keith Bell
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Jeremy Bentham
Developmental criminologists trace criminal careers over the life course.
a. True
b. False
Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known
criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful)
sanctions and deterrence is not true?
a. Harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism.
b. Harsh sanctions may result in defiance rather than deterrence.
c. Experiencing harsh sanctions may cause severe psychological problems.
d. The stigma of harsh sanctions labels and locks people into criminal careers.
UCR data associate social class with crime, indicating higher crime rates in inner-city,
high-poverty areas. An alternative explanation for the association between social class
and crime is ____, not actual criminal behavior patterns.
a. social stereotyping
b. population diversity
c. law enforcement practices
d. unemployment and underemployment
Agnew's focus on negative affective states offers a more general explanation of
criminality among all elements of society rather than being restrictive to lower-class
crime.
a. True
b. False
Research has failed to find a correlation between being the target of abuse at a young
age and subsequent episodes of delinquency and violence as one ages.
a. True
b. False
Rational choice theory has its roots in classical criminology and the work of Cesare
Beccaria.
a. True
b. False
Diana Russel's concept of the virility mystique reflects which causal factor of why men
commit rape?
a. Male socialization
b. Psychological abnormality
c. Social learning
d. Evolution
Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers that are designed
to produce restitution agreements are called _____ programs.
a. recidivist prevention
b. trial diversion
c. victim"offender reconciliation
d. alternative dispute resolution
At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did
not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give
them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed
over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence.
The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in a
large city, is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were
done and it was discovered that the level of ______________ in his blood was twice the
levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced this is the cause of his
disorder.
a. amino acids
b. glucose
c. mercury
d. neurotransmitters
The __________ Amendment right to free speech makes legal control of pornography
quite difficult.
a. First
b. Second
c. Fourth
d. Sixth
According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces, such
as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.
a. situational
b. internal
c. political
d. ecological
A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is referred to as a fence.
a. True
b. False
Tom, Dick, and Harry, rather than facing a juvenile sentence, were forced to repair the
harm done toward the teacher by painting over the vandalism and paying the costs for
any damaged property. This is an example of ______.
a. Restitution
b. Differential reinforcement
c. Racial profiling
d. Retrospective reading
It is estimated that the cost of white-collar crime is about $660 billion annually.
a. True
b. False
Primary elements of the social ecology school include community disorder, community
fear, and siege mentality. Explain how these elements are associated.
Answer:Answers will vary.
_______________ suggests there are multiple trajectories or paths into a criminal
career and that there are subgroups within a population that follow distinctively
different developmental routes toward and away from a criminal career.
Compare and contrast social learning, social control, and social reaction theories.
Answer:Answers will vary
_________________________ rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil
penalties to control potential violators.
The movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant
values is referred to as ____________________.
Robert Agnew suggests that criminality is the direct result of negative affective states.
Identify Agnew's negative affective states and explain how they lead to criminality.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain how chemical compounds called neurotransmitters are associated with
aggression and other antisocial behaviors.
Answer:Answers will vary.
_______________ is an elementary school course designed to give students the skills to
resist the peer pressure of experimenting with tobacco, drugs, and alcohol.
In the case of MGM Studios, INC v. Grokster, Ltd. found that peer-to-peer
______________ sites are another form of illegal copyright infringement and are
punishable by fines and or confinement.
Explain how one's socialization contributes to delinquent and criminal behaviors.
Answer:Answers will vary
Identify and discuss the four factors that social learning theorists suggest contribute to
violent or aggressive behavior.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List and describe some of the way the United States and other nations are combating
transnational crime.
Answer:Answers will vary
A(n) _________ measure is a measure that actually measures what it purports to
measure.
In regard to the subcategories of problem behavior syndrome, family dysfunction,
unemployment, and school misconduct all are examples of _______________ problem
behaviors.
Provide a summary of developmental theory's evolution including those theorists
important in this theory's history.
Answer:Answers will vary
Police-initiated action directed at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race is
______.
According to Wilson and Herrnstein's crime and human nature concept, how and why
does crime happen?
Answer:Answers will vary
