True/False
When designing a DRA/DRI intervention, it is a good idea to use the reinforcers that
maintain problem behavior as the reinforcers for the “A” and “I” behaviors.
Overall response rate refers to the average rate of response over a given time period.
True/False
If a person has a number of behaviors already in their repertoire, chaining can be used
to put these behaviors together in unique sequences in order to teach them a new
behavior.
True or False. A reversal design would be an effective element of an experiment
investigating the effects of a variable that cannot be withdrawn once it has been
presented (for example instruction).
TRUE or FALSE. Functional communication training establishes an appropriate
communication behavior to compete with problem behaviors evoked by an establishing
operation.
TRUE or FALSE. An indiscriminable is a contingency in which the learner can
discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement.
TRUE or FALSE. Behavior-altering effects refer only to the frequency of a behavior.
TRUE or FALSE. Manipulating motivating operations involves behaving in a way that
creates a certain state of motivation that, in turn increases (or decreases as desired) the
subsequent frequency of the target behavior.
TRUE or FALSE.
An anecdotal observation is a form of direct, continuous observation of all behaviors of
interest and the environmental conditions.
TRUE or FALSE. Psychology in the early 1900’s was dominated by the study if
behavior through a measurable and observable means.
TRUE or FALSE. If time-out does not result in a decreased probability of the target
behavior occurring it is still considered punishment.
TRUE/FALSE
Delayed behaviors using the topography of an imitative behavior, by definition, are
imitative.
True/False
Contingency contracts are most effective in school settings. Their application in other
settings is somewhat limited.
Measurement is the process of applying qualitative labels to events.
TRUE or FALSE.
An advantage of the changing criterion design is that the behavior must already be in
the participant’s repertoire.
TRUE or FALSE. A general case analysis is a systematic method for selecting teaching
examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements
in the generalization setting.
True/False
Every step in a behavior chain serves two functions: an SD for the subsequent step and
as a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding step.
True/False
“Ethics” is a fluid concept in that what is “right” and “wrong” changes over time
according to cultural shifts.
TRUE or FALSE. CRF should only be utilized during initial acquisition of a skill for a
learner.
TRUE or FALSE. Noncontingent reinforcement is an intervention in which stimuli with
known reinforcing properties are delivered on a fixed-ratio (FR) or variable-ratio (VR)
schedule independent of the learner’s behavior.
True/False
If set up correctly, a group contingency can facilitate positive social interactions with
peers.
True/False
_____ The tact repertoire is extensive and often the primary focus of many language
programs.
True/False
It is acceptable to state that you have a license that you do not possess if you feel it will
make you more credible with a family or client with whom you are working.
True/False
The single-opportunity method of assessing a person’s skills on a task analysis means
that they only get one chance to demonstrate the skill before instruction begins; whereas
with the multiple-opportunity method of assessment, a person’s skills are assessed
multiple times before instruction begins.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ One way researcher’s thin schedules of reinforcement are by gradually increasing
the response ratio or the duration of the time interval.
True/False
The research literature has repeatedly shown that the total-task chaining procedure is
the most effective method of chaining.
Transfer of stimulus control from prompts to naturally occurring stimuli is
accomplished through stimulus equivalence training.
True/False
Some practices may be legal but unethical.
TRUE or FALSE. The ripple effect and spillover effect refer to generalization across
settings for an individual subject or participant.
TRUE or FALSE. Self-monitoring is a tactic that was originally conceived as a method
of instructional assessment.
If you believe the data on a graph are distorted by the scaling of the axes you should
re-plot the data on a new graph before continuing with visual analysis.
TRUE or FALSE. A FBA can also be referred to as a reinforcer assessment.
TRUE/FALSE
_____ Extinction produces a slow gradual increase in the target behavior.
TRUE OR FALSE.
Placebo control is designed to separate any effects that may be produced by a subject’s
expectations of improvement due to treatment from actual effects of treatment.
TRUE/FALSE
If one implements response prompts during the shaping process, it is not necessary to
fade those prompts over time. The shaping process will automatically eliminate the
need for prompts.
Which of the following experimental questions is/are most appropriate for a reversal
design?
A. The effect of choice versus no choice on the disruptive behavior displayed by
students with developmental disabilities
B. The effect of response cost on talk outs in an elementary classroom
C. The effect of math instruction on student engagement
D. A & B
E. None of the above
Effective use of functional communication training includes:
A. Dense schedules of reinforcement
B. Decreased use of verbal prompts
C. Behavior reduction procedures
D. Schedule thinning
E. All of the above
F. None of the above
This approach to understanding behavior attempts to explain all behavior, including
private events.
A. Structuralism
B. Radical behaviorism
C. Methodological behaviorism
D. Mentalism
If you are teaching a student to make a peanut butter sandwich, which of the following
represents a total-task chaining approach?
a. Having the trainer complete all steps except the last one (putting the bread together).
The student puts the bread together himself. When he has mastered that step, the trainer
completes all but the last two steps, and the student completes those. And so on
b. Having the student complete the first step (getting out the bread) and the trainer
completing the remaining steps. When the student has mastered that step, the student
completes the first two steps while the trainer completes the rest. And son on
c. Having the student complete all steps of the task, while the trainer provides the
necessary level of prompt at each step.
d. Having the trainer model all steps of the task on all occasions.
The overall direction taken by a data path is its __________________.
A. Trend
B. Rate
C. Variability
D. Level
In order for withdraw of a specific reinforcer to be successful:
A. The item removed must be a reinforcer.
B. The procedure must be applied to an entire group.
C. The student must be able to regain access to the item at a later time.
D. The practitioner must be able to control access to the item.
E. A and C.
The levels of understanding science provides includes:
A. Prediction, Description & Control
B. Prediction, Description & Calculation
C. Prediction, Depiction, & Illustration
D. Picture, Description, & Control
Behavioral ____________ means that the level of behavior observed in an earlier phase
cannot be reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as they were
during earlier phases.
A. Irreversibility
B. Effects
C. Trend
D. Sequencing
Continuous reinforcement provides a reinforcement for
A. Every second response
B. One response only
C. Each occurrence of behavior
D. For the first response, then non-contingently, or continuously after.
The highest level of scientific understanding
A. Observation
B. Documentation
C. Specification
D. Experimental control
Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that:
A. They both produce an increase in responding.
B. They both involve a stimulus change following a target behavior.
C. They can either be conditioned or unconditioned.
D. All of the above
All differential reinforcement procedures combine the use of what two principles of
behavior?
a. Reinforcement and extinction
b. Reinforcement and punishment
c. Punishment and extinction
d. Positive and negative reinforcement
Look at the following graph from a functional analysis of Tony’s floor dropping. What
would you conclude is the function of Tony’s dropping to the floor?
A. Social positive reinforcement
B. Automatic reinforcement
C. Social negative reinforcement
D. Both social positive reinforcement and social negative reinforcement
E. Both social negative reinforcement and automatic reinforcement
F. Undifferentiated pattern
The success of using delayed rewards depends on:
A. The indiscriminability of the contingency.
B. The learner understanding the relation between emitting the target behavior at an
earlier time and receiving a reward later.
C. The person delivering the reward.
D. A and B only
E. A and C only
F. All of the above
Which of the following is not associated effects of extinction?
A. Spontaneous Recovery
B. Aggression
C. Extinction Burst
D. Stable Responding
Given the following experimental designs diagram an example of how it would be
implemented.
a. A-B-A
b. A-B-A-B
c. Alternating Treatments Design
d. Multiple Treatment Reversal Design
Matching
Match the following terms to the correct description:
A. Independent group contingency
B. Dependent group contingency
C. Interdependent group contingency
1)_____A contingency is presented to all members of a group, but reinforcement is
delivered only to those individuals who meet the criterion
2)______All of the individuals in the group must meet the criterion for the reinforcer to
be delivered
3)______The reinforcer for the group is provided if a certain individual or small group
of students meets the criterion
This formally began the experimental branch of behavior analysis.
A. Watsonian psychology or S-R psychology
B. Pavlov’s study of reflexive behavior
C. Skinner’s publication The Behavior of Organims
D. Fuller’s study on the application of operant behavior to humans
Operant conditioning, which encompasses ___________________ and
______________, refers to the process and selective effects of consequences on
behavior.
A. Response, behavior
B. Antecedent, stimulus
C. Control, coercion
D. Reinforcement, punishment
The independent variable should be applied to the behavior that
A. Shows the most stable level during baseline
B. Was identified first
C. Is measured earlier in the day
D. Has the greatest likelihood of responding to the intervention
Given a graph illustrating an experimental design identify the design and describe the
next steps to demonstrate experimental control.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
What is the advantage of using generalized conditioned reinforcers?
a) They are less susceptible to satiation because they can be exchanged for a wide
variety of other reinforcers.
b) They are easier for children to obtain than other forms of reinforcement.
c) They are negative reinforcers, which are more powerful than positive reinforcers.
d) None of these are advantages of generalized reinforcers.
The three-term contingency is the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant
behavior and is made of the following elements:
A. Antecedent, behavior, consequence
B. Reflex, time, duration
C. Learning history, outcomes, stimuli
D. Reinforcement, punishment, extinction
Generalization across subjects is also referred to as:
A. Vicarious reinforcement
B. Ripple effect
C. Spillover effect
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Which of the following would be included in the feature stimulus class for ducks:
A. All animals.
B. Webbed feet.
C. All birds.
D. Beaks.
The formal properties of language involve the:
A. cause of the verbal response
B. topography of the verbal response
C. unseen forces of verbal language
D. language properties are not formal.
Which statement is not included in the procedural guidelines for the use of punishment?
A. Conduct a punisher assessment
B. Consider using varied punishers
C. Use the highest intensity of punishment that is effective
D. Experience the punisher personally.
Which of the following statements is not associated with the term ‘spontaneous
recovery”?
A. Behavior that diminished during the extinction process recurs even though behavior
does not produce reinforcement.
B. Short-lived and limited if the extinction procedure remains in effect.
C. Reappearance of the behavior after it has diminished to its pre-reinforcement level or
stopped entirely.
D. All of the statements are associated with the term spontaneous recovery.
This type of graph provides a standardized means of charting and analyzing how the
frequency of behavior changes over time.
A. Celeration graph
B. Bar graph
C. Scatterplot
D. Standard Celeration Chart
This branch of behavior analysis concentrates on development of a technology to
improve behavior.
A. Applied behavior analysis
B. Experimental analysis of behavior
C. Determinism
D. Behaviorism
The critical test for stimulus equivalence is:
A. Reflexivity
B. Symmetry
C. Transitivity
D. Commonality
Dimensions of value altering effects are:
A. Limited to frequency
B. Includes frequency, magnitude, & latency
C. Includes frequency & magnitude but not latency
D. Includes frequency & latency but not magnitude
A good behavior definition should be _____________, __________, and
____________.
A Objective, clear, complete
B Concise, specific, limited
C Functional, clear, socially valid
D Measurable, mentalistic, meaningful
Explain how extinction of a behavior maintained by positive reinforcement would be
different, procedurally, than extinction of a behavior maintained by negative
reinforcement. Give a specific example of each.
State one situation in which a cumulative graph would be preferable to a noncumulative
line graph.
Assume you want to teach an individual how to use a public telephone. You conduct a
task analysis of the skill and end up with the following steps:
i. Locate the telephone
ii. Find the telephone number
iii. Choose the correct change
iv. Pick up receiver in left hand
v. Put receiver to ear and listen for dial tone
vi. Insert first coin
vii. Insert second coin
viii. Dial 7-digit number
ix. Wait for telephone to ring a minimum of 5 times
x. If someone answers, initiate conversation
xi. If telephone is busy or no one answers, hang up and collect money
Carefully describe how you would implement forward, backward, and total-task
chaining for this task analysis.
The progression of behavioral assessment can be conceptualized as a __________
shape
A Circular
B Funnel
C Linear
D Complex
When describing the task in a contingency contract, what are the 4 important things to
include in the description?
What is a successive approximation?
Give a real-life example of a ratio schedule of reinforcement and how ratio strain could
occur as reinforcement is thinned. When explaining your example, make sure you are
clear on what ratio strain is.
For what variables should IOA be obtained and reported?
Explain the benefits of interviews as a method for obtaining assessment information?
Describe what is meant by a functional relation, and provide a concrete example for a
human organism.
What is the major difference between behavior and response? Give an example of each.
Discuss the antecedent variables SD and MO. Provide a concrete example to illustrate
the arguments you make.
If you decide to include a response cost component into a token economy, name at least
3 things you should consider.
Identify two conditions that make a multiple probe design appropriate for evaluating
behavior change.
State a similarity and difference between positive and negative reinforcement.
Give a novel (i.e., an example not provided in the text or in class discussion) example
of shaping new performance across each of the following dimensions of behavior:
topography, frequency, latency, duration, and amplitude.
Name and explain the four key effects of extinction.
List the assumptions underlying the analysis of behavior.