True/False
There are only a few skills in every day life that are considered behavioral chains.
TRUE or FALSE. Planned ignoring involves the removal of social reinforcers.
Measurement is accurate when observed values, the data produced by measuring an
event, match the true state, or true values, of the event.
True or False.
A properly conducted alternating treatments design minimizes the extent to which an
experimenter’s results are confounded by sequence effects.
True/False
When using the multiple-opportunity method of assessment during assessment of a task
analysis, there is greater risk for co-mingling of assessment and instruction than there is
for the single-opportunity method of assessment.
True/False
_____ Public accompaniment occurs when two public stimuli occur together.
TRUE/FALSE
To maintain quick and active imitation training, practitioners should us short (10-15
minute) training sessions.
The more similar two stimuli are, the more likely stimulus generalization will occur.
True/False
Major violations of professional codes of conduct typically result in being “frowned on”
by an organization but rarely result in expulsion from the organization or revocation of
licenses.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ Restitutional correction involves the student repairing the damage or returning
the environment to its original state and then bringing the environment to a condition
vastly better than it was.
True/False
A contract you write with yourself is a valid form of contingency contracting.
TRUE/FALSE
Melania has bee working with a child to shape his handwriting. When Melania started
working with the child, he could hold his pencil and write the letters of his name, but
the marks were so faint that one could hardly see them. Over time, Melania taught the
boy to press his pencil hard enough so that people could easily see the marks he had
made. The shaping procedure Melania used is an example of shaping across a response
topography.
TRUE or FALSE. Philosophic doubt involves the continuous questioning of the
truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge.
TRUE/FALSE
______ An extinction burst is the complete cessation of the target behavior after
the extinction procedure has started.
Baseline data collection is important because it results in a certain level of needed
subjectivity.
TRUE or FALSE. Consequences select response classes, not individual responses.
TRUE or FALSE.
One advantage of a multiple baseline design is possibility of co-variation between
different behaviors.
TRUE/FALSE
If an individual becomes ‘stuck” during shaping (i.e., he/she does not seem to be able to
meet the newly-increased criteria for obtaining reinforcement) and frustrated, the trainer
should continue to the next step of the shaping sequence. This will allay any frustration
the individual is experiencing.
TRUE or FALSE. The overarching purpose of applied behavior analysis as field of
study is to concentrate on socially important or significant behaviors.
In order for reinforcement to work, the individual must be aware that reinforcement has
occurred.
TRUE or FALSE. Extinction is defined as removing a preferred item contingent upon
inappropriate behavior.
Within-subject design and intra-subject design are alternate terms used to describe
single-subject experimental designs.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ A VI schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of
response.
The behavior that occurs temporally closest to the presentation of a reinforcer will be
strengthened by its presentation.
Single-subject research designs always involve only a single participant.
One benefit of measurement is that it helps practitioners verify the legitimacy of
different treatments.
TRUE OR FALSE.
External validity refers to the degree to which a functional relation found reliable and
socially valid in one circumstance will hold under different conditions.
TRUE or FALSE
_____ A post-reinforcement pause is typically associated with a fixed interval schedule
of reinforcement.
True or False.
When considering educational and clinical issues surrounding the use of a reversal
design it may be appropriate to conduct only two or three brief reversals as a
demonstration of experimental control.
True/False
Tokens should be delivered at the end of the day rather than immediately following a
target behavior. This teaches children to delay reinforcement.
TRUE or FALSE. B.F. Skinner is considered the founder of the experimental analysis
of behavior.
Another word for the three-term contingency is the discriminated operant.
TRUE or FALSE. Joey forgot to clean his room before leaving for school. When he
returned from school in the afternoon, he quickly cleaned his room before his mother
came home to avoid a reprimand from her. A reprimand, in this case, can be considered
an unconditioned negative reinforcer.
TRUE or FALSE. Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an
intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people is known
as generalization across subjects.
A cumulative record should be used if the target behavior can only occur once per
measurement period.
An intraverbal response is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker:
A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others.
B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants
C. repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker.
D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with
through any of the sense modes.
Which of the following is considered a principle of behavior?
A. Reflex
B. Reinforcement
C. Antecedent
D. Analysis
Improving academic grades is not a good target behavior because academic grades
A) Are not a socially valid outcome.
B) Do not specify the behaviors required to achieve the goal.
C) Are too complex an outcome for behavior analysis.
D) Have poorly defined performance criteria.
Gretchen has been trying to teach Glen, a preschooler, to pull up his pants by himself
after using the toilet. She has been using a shaping model. She began by reinforcing
him with an animal cracker for bending over and touching his waistband. He is now
doing that consistently. Next, she wants him to start pulling his pants a little bit.
However, she has become very frustrated because Glen continues to simply touch his
pants rather than pull a bit. What should Gretchen do?
a. Gretchen should pull up his pants for him. Glen is not “ready” to do this behavior ad
will grow into it over time.
b. Gretchen should intermittently give Glen a reinforcer for touching his pants to make
sure he doesn”t get too frustrated.
c. Gretchen should reanalyze her task analysis and “chunk” the skills into bigger steps.
d. Gretchen should add a prompt of some sort (e.g., a verbal or physical prompt) to help
make the shaping process more efficient.
Suggestions for making self-monitoring effective include:
A. Self-monitor the most important dimension of the behavior
B. Self-monitor only one aspect of the target behavior
C. Self-monitor only when really necessary
D. Never provide supplementary cues or prompts
E. All of the above
One advantage to backward chaining procedure is:
a. It is the only chaining procedure in which the student gets reinforced for completing
the task.
b. It is the chaining procedure that results in the most immediate access to the reinforcer
following the display of a correct response in the behavioral chain.
c. It doesn”t rely on prompting procedures like the other chaining methods.
d. It doesn”t rely on reinforcement procedures like the other chaining methods.
An tact is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker:
A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others.
B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants
C. repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker.
D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with
through any of the sense modes.
Match the following scenario to the appropriate operation (positive/negative
reinforcement or positive/negative punishment). The target antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences are provided.
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Positive Punishment
D. Negative Punishment
Ms. Miller asked Steven to take out his pencil and begin working on his math
worksheet. Steven did not respond. Ms. Miller removed tokens from Steven’s token
board without saying a word. In the future, when Ms. Miller asked Steven to take out
his pencil and to begin work, without hesitation, Steven gets right to work (i.e.,
noncompliance decreases).
Antecedent
“Take out your pencil”
Behavior
Noncompliance, specifically, not following the teacher’s direction the first time that the
direction is given
Consequence
Removal of token from the token board
All of the following behaviors could be assessed using natural permanent product
measurement except:
a. Test scores
b. Washing dishes
c. Raising hand in class
d. Picking up garbage
A default technology is:
A. The term used to refer to easy techniques that practitioners use to increase the
frequency of alternative appropriate behaviors.
B. The expertise that is required to implement a functional analysis properly.
C. The process involved in creating the various phases in a sequential order of a
functional analysis.
D. The term used to refer to the interventions that individuals may resort to using that
are increasingly intrusive, coercive, and punishment-based.
What does a functional behavior assessment (FBA) allow a practitioner to do or
accomplish?
In a token economy, the tokens:
a. Should be a highly desirable item
b. Should be something learners can easily find in other places (to aid with
generalization of the token economy in other settings)
c. Are generalized, conditioned reinforcers that are exchanged for backup reinforcers
d. All of the above
One advantage to the procedure being used by Mr. Worms is that:
a. Sandie will get immediate access to the reinforcer for completing the chain of
behaviors.
b. Sandie will get to practice every step of the chain each time Mr. Worms conducts a
training session.
c. Sandie will always start with the first step of the task whenever a training session is
conducted.
d. All of these are advantages of the procedure Mr. Worms is using.
When a model and the behavior physically resemble each other and are in the same
sense mode, this is known as:
A. Formal similarity
B. Formal modeling
C. Formal sensing
D. Antecedent control
Behaviors selected for study with a multiple baseline design should
A. Be functionally independent
B. Be easy to change
C. Co-vary
D. Be related to one another
Matching
A. Matching Law
B. Fixed Ratio
C. Fixed Interval
D. Variable Ratio
E. Variable Interval
F. DRL
G. DRH
H. Compound Schedules of Reinforcement
I. Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement
J. Conjunctive Schedules of Reinforcement
K. Mixed Schedules
L. Adjunctive Behaviors
1) _____ A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of
continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR,
VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and
extinction.
2) _____ A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses to
be emitted for reinforcement.
3) _____ A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses to
be emitted for reinforcement.
4) _____ A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of
a
predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the
interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual’s
performance in previous intervals.
5)_____ A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic
schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random,
sequence; no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the a presence or absence of
each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response
requirements of the element in effect at any time.
6) _____ A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a rate
or responding being below a predetermined criterion.
7) _____ When the frequency of a time filling behavior increases as a side effect of
other behaviors maintained by a schedule for reinforcement. May be identified as a
schedule induced behavior.
8) _____ Refers to the allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent
schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in
proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.
9)_____ A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic
schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random,
sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each
element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response
requirements of the element in effect at any time.
10)_____ A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the
first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last
response was reinforced.
11)_____ A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of
continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR,
VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and
extinction. The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or
simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be
contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently
or in combination with all elements.
12) ____ A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first
correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a
random or unpredictable order. The mean duration of the intervals is used to describe
the schedule.
All of the following are concerns with typical group-comparison designs except
a. Group data may not represent the performance of individuals
b. Group data masks variability
c. Performance averages are not statistically significant
d. Intrasubject replication is not present
Consequences can only affect _________ behavior
A. New
B. Extinguished
C. Immediate
D. Future
All of the following are desirable aspects of time-out except?
A. Ease of application.
B. Acceptability.
C. Collateral decreases in non-targeted behaviors.
D. Rapid suppression of behavior.
E. Can be combined with other approaches.
A mand is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker:
A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others.
B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants
C. repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker.
D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with
through any of the sense modes.
This branch of behavior analysis concentrates on the philosophy of the science of
behavior.
A. Applied behavior analysis
B. Experimental analysis of behavior
C. Determinism
D. Behaviorism
Science enables understanding at these three levels
A. see, hear, report
B. description, prediction, and control
C. experimentation, manipulation, documentation
D. external, internal, uncontrolled
The subject matter of behavior analysis is the:
a. Activity of living organisms
b. Challenging behavior of individuals with disabilities
c. Conditioned behavior
d. Effective behavior change treatments
Describe at least two benefits of using a FBA.
A ______________ _________ is a group of stimuli that share specified common
elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions.
A. Stimulus class
B. Response class
C. Antecedent class
D. Stimulus change
The idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or
conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.
A. Experimentation
B. Parsimony
C. Prediction
D. Philosophic doubt
Concept formation:
A. Requires both stimulus discrimination across different classes and stimulus
generalization within a class.
B. Requires both stimulus discrimination within a class and stimulus generalization
across classes.
C. Is a simple process that involves strict stimulus discrimination and training to avoid
any stimulus generalzation.
D. Is a hypothetical mental construct.
National Public Radio (NPR) often holds fund drives to raise money for their radio
stations. They frequently offer “prizes” for people who donate a certain amount of
money. For example, they might offer a CD for those who donate at least $50 to the
station. It’s not clear whether this actually increases donations. What can we say about
this situation?
a) The CD’s function as a reinforcer for donating money.
b) The money functions as a reinforcer for getting a CD.
c) The CD’s function as a reward for donating money.
d) The money functions as a reward for getting a CD.
Negative reinforcement involves:
A. Presenting an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior
B. Removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior
C. Removing a desirable stimulus contingent upon a behavior
D. Punishing a behavior
________________ are demonstrated when observed variations in behavior can be
attributed to manipulations of the independent variable.
A. Functional relations
B. Identified correlations
C. Predictions
D. Experimental operations
A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behavior such as academic
engagement is _____________________.
a. Event
b. Whole interval
c. Permanent product
d. Response latency
Matching
Choose the corresponding answer(s) for each of the following statements. Answers may
be used once, several times, or not at all.
A. Side effects of punishment
B. Procedural guideline for the use of punishment
C. Factor that influences the effectiveness of punishment.
D. Positive punishment
E. Ethical guideline for the use of punishment
F. Behavioral contrast
1) _____ Reinforcement for the target behavior
2) _____ Punishment may evoke escape and/or avoidant behaviors.
3) _____ Experience the punisher personally.
4) _____ A phenomenon in which the change in one component of a multiple schedule
that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by
a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered
component of the schedule.
5) _____ Reinforcement for alternative behaviors
6) _____ Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that decreases the future rate of
frequency of that behavior.
7) _____ Conducting a punisher assessment.
8) _____ Right to a safe and humane treatment, professional
responsibility to adhere to the doctrine of the least restrictive alternative, and client’s
right to effective treatment.
Define shaping.
Name and discuss the importance of the three major types of generalized behavior
change.
Name and briefly discuss the two types of effects that accompany the term motivating
operation (MO).
When a learner doesn”t earn tokens or tests the system, how should the behavior analyst
handle the situation?
When teaching sufficient stimulus examples, the actual number of examples needed
varies as a function of a number of factors. List and discuss three of these factors.
Illustrate an example of how treating a problem behavior before understanding its
function can be problematic.
Explain why the behavior of individual subjects is of primary interest in applied
behavior analysis.
What is one benefit to graphic displays over other displays of behavioral data?
State and discuss/illustrate two antecedent-based self-management tactics.
Explain two ways in which motivating operations and discriminative stimuli are similar.
Then explain how they are different.
Explicit behavior definitions are important to the practitioner of applied behavior
analysis for all of the following except:
A) Ease of evaluation
B) Increased likelihood of behavior change
C) Accurate measurement of behavior
D) Demonstration of effectiveness
Discuss the difference between a principle of behavior and a behavior-change tactic.
When implementing a DRO procedure, explain how you would determine the duration
of the interval.
Explain the differences between a behavior cusp and a pivotal behavior.
You are consulting with a family. The parents are having difficulty managing their
10-year-old daughter’s behavior. You recommend that they implement a contingency
contract with their daughter. Describe the process you would go through with the family
to help them develop the contingency contract.
Give an example of an escape contingency. In your answer, be sure to identify all 4
components of the contingency.