Negative punishment can best be defined as:
A. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
B. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.
C. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior
D. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
Unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs) have:
A. Value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned
B. Behavior-altering motivating effects that are a function of a learning history
C. Behavior-altering effects that are unlearned
D. Value-altering motivating effects that are a function of a learning history
Teaching learners to do what the model does regardless of the behavior modeled is the
major objective of what?
A. Imitation training
B. Antecedent control
C. Formal modeling
D. Formal similarity
The four basic schedules of intermittent reinforcement are
A. Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval
B. Fixed, variable, stable, and continuous
C. Continuous, intermittent, mixed, and stable
D. None of the above
A principle of behavior describes a(n) _______________ _____________ between
behavior and one or more of its controlling variables.
A. Extinction curve
B. Response reinforcer
C. Functional relation
D. Stimulus relation
Noncontingent reinforcement functions as a:
A. Establishing operation
B. Motivating operation
C. Abolishing operation
D. None of the above
List and describe four benefits and uses of IOA.
Self-administered consequences that increase behavior include:
A. Self-management analogs of positive reinforcement
B. Self-management analogs of positive punishment
C. Self-management analogs of negative reinforcement
D. Self-management analogs of negative punishment
E. A & C only
F. B & D only
G. All of the above
Motivating operations:
A. Will evoke the target behavior every single time
B. May never evoke the target behavior
C. Should evoke the target behavior, but may not consistently do so
D. Evoke the target behavior even if not first successful at doing so
Fill in the blanks A – D
Type of Stimulus Change
TRUE OR FALSE.
Statistical manipulation can control the variables responsible for variability in the data.
If I want to use DRI to decrease Melinda’s hitting other children in the hallway, I would:
a. Provide reinforcement contingent on Melinda walking down the hall with her hands
in her pockets or folded across her chest.
b. Provide reinforcement contingent on Melinda saying “hi” to peers.
c. Provide reinforcement contingent on Melinda waving at peers.
d. Provide reinforcement contingent on Melinda doing anything other than hitting peers
as she walks down the hall.
If one wants to determine the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer relative to
another stimulus, which assessment method would be most appropriate?
a) Concurrent schedule assessment
b) Multiple schedule assessment
c) Progressive-ratio schedule assessment
d) Paired stimulus assessment
Stimulus generalization has occurred when:
A. A response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely
occurs in the absence of the stimulus.
B. The same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli.
C. One response occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus, and a different response
occurs in the presence of a different stimulus.
D. One stimulus evokes a number of different, but similar, responses.
Precision teaching focuses on ________________ rather than the specific frequency of
correct and incorrect responses.
A. Time
B. Celeration
C. Rate
D. Speed
When it is not possible or appropriate to completely eliminate the event or activity used
as a contingent reinforcer this variation of the reversal design can be employed.
A. B-A-B
B. B-A-C-A
C. NCR Reversal
D. Multiple Treatment Reversal
Which of the following are the advantages of the changing criterion design?
A. It is the least complicated experimental
B. It does not require a withdrawal phase
C. It allows for experimental analysis while gradually improving behavior
D. Both B and C.
The __________ graph is the most common graphic format for displaying data in
applied behavior analysis.
A. Bar
B. Cumulative record
C. Line
D. Scatterplot
Stimulus equivalence:
A. Means that two stimuli share a number of common features.
B. Is important to the development of stimulus discrimination.
C. Means that a person responds accurately to untrained and nonreinforced
stimulus-stimulus relations following training on different stimulus-stimulus relations.
D. Requires testing of reflexivity, symmetry, and commonality.
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to measurement error?
a. Poorly designed measurement systems
b. Observer Drift
c. Expectations about what the data should look like
d. Well-trained observers
Laura would like to shape the “tidiness” of her husband, who always leaves his clothes
in a pile on the floor at the end of the day instead of throwing them in the clothes
hamper, which is in the laundry room. She begins by providing him with lavish praise
and offering to make him a nice dinner when he puts his clothes in a heap in the laundry
room rather than in a heap on the bedroom floor. Now, he is consistently putting his
clothes in a heap in the laundry room. Next, she plans to provide praise and a nice
dinner only if her husband sorts his laundry into whites and colors and puts his laundry
into the appropriate laundry basket. What do you think about her plan?
a. Given how well Laura’s plan has worked to date, this should work fine.
b. Laura should proceed in more gradual steps to increase the likelihood of her
husband’s success.
c. Laura’s husband is likely to become frustrated and receive little or no reinforcement
for quite some time.
d. Laura should stop the intervention and be pleased that she has gotten her husband to
come this far.
e. B & C
An antecedent stimulus that evokes the imitative behavior is:
A. a chaining of behaviors
B. an imitative response chain
C. an operative behavior
D. a model
_________________ measurement facilitates data collection for interobserver
agreement and treatment integrity.
a. Measurement artifact
b. Permanent product
c. Direct observation
d. Time sampling
Joe hates his new alarm clock. This morning, the annoying buzzer sounded at 6:00 a.m.
Joe hit the snooze button to catch a few more minutes of sleep. He opened his eyes and
saw that the clock read 6:14. Knowing the buzzer will sound again at 6:15 (the snooze
button allows for 15 minutes to pass before it sounds again). Because he hates the
sound of the alarm, he reaches over and shuts off the alarm before it can sound and gets
out of bed. Turning off the alarm before it can sound is an example of:
A. Discriminated avoidance.
B. Free operant avoidance.
C. An escape contingency.
D. An aversive stimulus.
Advantages of self-management include:
A. Promoting the generalization & maintenance of behavior change
B. Eliminating work for teachers and parents to do with students/children
C. External change agents will always target all instances of the behavior
D. A small repertoire of self-management skills can control many behaviors
E. A & B
F. A & D
G. B & D
Which of the following is a stimulus prompt?
A. Mary is trying to do laundry, but has forgotten the next step. Ashley says to Mary,
“Remember, next you need to put the soap in the washing machine.”
B. Mary puts the soap in the machine but does not begin putting the clothes in the
washing machine. Ashley picks up an article of clothing and puts in the washer, saying
“Do this next.”
C. After putting the clothes in the washer, Mary attempts to close the lid to the washer.
Due to her limited vision, she keeps missing the lid when she reaches for it. Ashley
physically guides her hand to the washer lid and puts her hand on the lid.
D. After closing the lid, Mary turns the dial to the correct cycle. Prior to the training
session, Ashley painted a red arrow to the correct setting to help Mary remember where
to set the dial. Mary successful sets the dial to the correct setting without any additional
assistance.
What strategic approach(es) can a FBA intervention consist of?
A. Teaching alternative behaviors
B. Altering antecedent variables
C. Teaching reinforcement and punishment strategies
D. Altering consequent variables
E. All of the above
F. A,B,D
G. B,C,D
For each scenario select the most appropriate data display to communicate quantitative
relations.
7. During this analysis you are interested in evaluating the effects of the independent
variable on a dependent variable that can only occur once per measurement period, for
example the participant either engages in the behavior or does not, therefore your data
collection is limited to recoding a yes or a no.
8. You are interested in comparing the effects of intervention A with intervention B on
the aggressive behaviors displayed by one student in your classroom. In other words,
you are interested in looking at the same behavior under different and alternating
experimental conditions.
9. You completed a study on the effects of peer tutoring on the acquisition of irregular
sight words and would like to summarize the performance of the entire class under
baseline and intervention conditions.
10. You are conducting 1-minute timings with a student who is practicing multiplication
facts. You are interested in the student’s accuracy and speed in acquiring new
multiplication facts ” that is, you are interested in the student’s multiplication fact
fluency.
11. You are interested in finding out if there is a correlation between your students’
missing naptime and the display of afternoon problem behavior.
12. You are interested in investigating the effects of a motivational system on a student’s
appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
13. You”ve decided to create a personal behavior management system to increase the
number of minutes you exercise each day. You would like to include a graphic
feedback device for motivation.
Observer _____________ is an unintended change in the way an observer uses a
measurement system over the course of an investigation.
a. Reactions
b. Tide
c. Drift
d. Direction
A schedule of reinforcement is a rule that describes
A. The type of reinforcement used
B. A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement
C. A calendar of when intervention is delivered
D. A rule that describes a contingency of punishment
Which of the following statements is not a common misuse of the term extinction?
A. Referring to any decrease in behavior
B. Confusing forgetting and extinction
C. Confusing noncontingent reinforcement and extinction
D. Withholding of reinforcers that maintain the behavior.
Describe three threats to the validity of measurement in Applied Behavior Analysis.
Which of the following people is practicing within his/her area of competence?
E. Jos was trained as a behavior analyst at his local university. His training consisted
primarily of working with children with autism. He is currently practicing behavior
analysis in an adult facility for adults with mental retardation.
F. Sally was trained as a behavior analyst working in organizational behavior
management. Recently, she was offered and accepted a job as a behavior consultant in a
local school district.
G. Shu Lin was trained in experimental analysis of behavior. She examined
canabanoids and how they interact with prenatal food restriction to affect choice
making responding amongst different food alternatives. She was recently asked to
consult on the food refusal behavior of a young child at risk for failure to thrive.
H. Rahul earned his doctorate in special education and is a Board Certified Behavior
Analyst. His doctoral studies focused on the assessment and treatment of severe
problem behavior. He has worked with children and adults, ages 3 to 35 years. He was
recently hired to serve as a behavior specialist in his local school district.
Discuss the difference between observer drift and observer reactivity.
Identify three factors that contribute to human measurement error.
Describe the three features of a changing criterion design that combine to demonstrate
experimental control.
Why does the topography of the behavior reveal rather limited information about the
conditions that account for the behavior?
Give a novel example of how negative reinforcement could be used to teach an
appropriate behavior.
Answer:Answers will vary.
What is the difference between self-monitoring and self-monitoring with
self-evaluation?
Explain what is meant by a ‘scallop effect” and when you would expect to see it.
An interdependent group contingency can be implemented in at least 3 different ways.
Describe at least 2 of them and give a novel example of each.
Explain the difference between full-session and interval DRL. In your explanation, give
an example of each.
What are some of the potential side effects of using punishment as a treatment
intervention? (Include at least three)
When informing an individual about a proposed treatment, what are the salient aspects
of treatment that should be shared with that person?
When might a practitioner want to use a spaced-responding DRL contingency? In your
answer, give a specific example (other than what is in your text) of a case where this
would be appropriate.
Explain the problems with setting a general goal such as to be more successful as
opposed to a more specific goal.