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Although criminal offenders are people predisposed to crime, they are not robots who
commit crime without restraint. According to the general theory of crime, change in the
frequency of criminal activity is a function of ______.
a. change in one's level of impulsivity
b. change in one's level of self-control
c. change in criminal opportunity
d. change in environmental conditions
According to life course theories, criminal opportunity, effective guardianship, and
apprehension risk are __________ factors that can explain the onset, continuance, and
desistance from crime.
a. personal
b. social
c. cognitive
d. situational
Empirical research confirms that, as predicted by critical criminology, a suspect's race is
an important factor in shaping justice system decision making.
a. True
b. False
Referring to the ecology of crime, which statement about crime and temperature is
accurate?
a. Crime increases as temperature increases.
b. Crime decreases as temperature increases.
c. Crime and temperature are inversely related.
d. Crime and temperature show no relationship.
Criminal career trajectories cannot be reversed even if life conditions improve.
a. True
b. False
Similar to a salami slice fraud but on a much larger and usually more complex scale,
________________ sometimes is perpetrated as a "one-off kamikaze" fraud.
a. theft of information
b. manipulation of accounts
c. corporate espionage
d. warez
According to the research on chronic offenders, arrests and court experiences deter
chronic offenders.
a. True
b. False
The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young
offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals.
a. True
b. False
Many children with ADHD also suffer from ____and continually engage in aggressive
and antisocial behavior early in childhood.
a. conduct disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. hypoglycemia
d. behavior modeling
Which of the following would be an example of acyber smearscam?
a. Bill writes a fictional column about Exxon Mobile closing, hence driving down stock
prices for his friends to purchase
b. Jenny sends emails with embedded worms to random Gmail users to obtain personal
information in attemptto make aquick profit
c. Ryan steals the identity of his biology professors and using his credit card
information to purchase his books for the system; afterward he quickly dumps the card
to eliminate the trace
d. Frank spreads rumors about his ex-girlfriend Diana, including her promiscuity,
sexual orientation, and prior drug use on Instagram
A Ponzi scheme is one type of ______ whereby people swindle money with payments
of returns earned from new investors.
a. corporate crime
b. white-collar fraud
c. financial chiseling
d. employee fraud
In the late 1930s, the distinguished criminologist __________ first used the phrase
"white-collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Edwin Lemert
d. Edwin Sutherland
Bail is established at the preliminary hearing.
a. True
b. False
Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and
is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also
travels around the country speaking to crime victims.
According to the social ecology theory of victimization, at what time of the day were
the abusive attacks on Beth more likely to take place?
a. From 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.
b. From 12 p.m. to 2 p.m.
c. From 3 p.m. to 6 p.m.
d. From 10 p.m. to 12 p.m.
How does today's violent crime rate compare to the violent crime rate in 1991?
a. Today's violent crime rate has increased by nearly 20 percent.
b. Today's violent crime rate has increased by nearly 50 percent.
c. Today's violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 20 percent.
d. Today's violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 50 percent.
Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle
of a long block as the best location for dealing.
a. True
b. False
Problem behavior syndrome contends that ______.
a. genetics hold the key to addiction
b. the neighborhood is the primary determinant of substance abuse
c. substance abuse is linked to impaired cognitive functioning
d. substance abuse is just one of many problem behaviors
The earliest record of prostitution appears in ancient Mesopotamia, where priests
engaged in sex to promote fertility in the community.
a. True
b. False
What is known about mental disorders and crime?
a. It is possible that the link between mental illness and crime is spurious and caused by
some other factor.
b. Mentally ill offenders are more likely to have low recidivism rates than nonmentally
ill offenders.
c. Research suggests that people who suffer from mental illness seem to be less
antisocial than members of the general population.
d. Male offenders seem to have more serious mental health disorders than do female
offenders.
Which of the following statements is inaccurate in terms of the empirical research
supporting Laub and Sampson's age-graded theory?
a. Criminality appears to be dynamic and is affected by behaviors occurring over the
life course.
b. People who get involved with the justice system as adolescents may find that their
career paths are blocked well into adulthood.
c. Criminal career trajectories are impossible to reverse, even if life conditions improve.
d. Accumulating social capital reduces crime rates.
The distinction between whether a crime is classified as a felony or misdemeanor is
based upon the age of the individual committing the crime.
a. True
b. False
Critical feminism views gender inequality as stemming from the unequal power of men
and women in a capitalist society.
a. True
b. False
Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in
globalization do critical theorists find problematic?
a. Sexism
b. Industrialization
c. Mechanization
d. Surplus value
Racial and ethnic differentials in crime rates are tied to economic and social disparity.
a. True
b. False
There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins than between
criminal behavior and fraternal twins.
a. True
b. False
Women in college face the risk of sexual assault at a higher rate than women in the
general population.
a. True
b. False
Rational choice theory has roots in the __________ school of criminology developed
by the Italian social thinker Cesare Beccaria.
a. ecological
b. interactionist
c. classical
d. positivist
State political crimes are perpetrated by state authorities against the people they are
supposed to serve.
a. True
b. False
Displacement of workings by pushing them outside the economic and social
mainstream is known as ______.
a. marginalization
b. double marginality
c. surplus value
d. ostracism
Cultural deviance theory combines elements of relative deprivation and differential
opportunity theories.
a. True
b. False
Evidence shows that three-strikes laws are effective crime control policies.
a. True
b. False
After getting a taste for illegal activity, Jody and David decide to participate in other
illegal cybercrimes. They decide to use the university listserv to email all students and
faculty at the university notifying them that their account has been hacked and to email
their name and password back to the sender. This is an example of ______.
a. phishing
b. cyber smear
c. a pump and dump
d. spear-phishing
Despite the good intentions, stigma-reducing programs have not met with great success.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following places the decision points of the criminal justice system in order
of their occurrence?
a. Complaint, arrest, arraignment, investigation
b. Plea bargaining, grand jury, correctional treatment, appeal
c. Custody, arraignment, adjudication, disposition
d. Disposition, investigation, correctional treatment, plea bargaining
What is meant by left realism? Where did the theory originate and how is it best
explained in relation to crime?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how the "college lifestyle" can lead to criminal victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary
___________________ crime has economic gain as its primary goal, although power
and status may also be motivating factors.
Describe the conditions necessary in a commercial sexual transaction (i.e., prostitution)
and the current trend in arrests for prostitution.
Answer:Answers will vary
List and explain the most noticeable trends associated with crime victimization.
Answer:Answers will vary.
_______ consists of actions that depart from the social norm.
Discuss attachment theory and how failure to develop proper attachment is associated
with crime.
Answer:Answers will vary.
A personal trait characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on
mood-altering substances is called ___________________.
According to Finkelhor and Asigian's research on typologies of victimization,
__________ refers to the victim having some quality or skill that an offender wants to
obtain or use which may increase their chances of victimization.
_______________ theory holds that people become criminal when significant members
of society brand them as such and they these brands as part of their personal identity.
Chemical compounds known as _________________, influence or activate brain
functions.
Political criminals who fall under the goal of _______________ are motivated by
altruism; they truly believe their crimes will benefit society.
_________________ is the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of
male behavior.
______________ theorists are critical criminologists who believe the law is designed to
keep the capitalist system operating in an efficient manner.
Using the Internet to impersonate the victim in order to conduct illicit transactions such
as fraud is called ________________
A pledge by the accused to return for trial, which may be accepted in the form of bail is
known as _____.
How do cognitive theorists explain the relationship between information processing and
antisocial behavior?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Male sex hormones are referred to as __________________.
Rape is one of the most misunderstood and feared crimes. Identify and discuss the
causal factors that explain why men commit rape.
Answer:Answers will vary
