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Which of the following is not true about pornography
a. Legal restrictions have made the prosecution of possession of pornography difficult
especially for material involving children
b. The scientific evidence linking pornography to violence is mixed.
c. Sexually explicit films make up 15-30 percent of the home rental market.
d. The Court redefined its measure of obscenity in the case of Miller v. California.
At the preliminary hearing, the judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient
for trial.
a. True
b. False
Evidence exists indicating that abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds
called __________ are associated with violent behavior.
a. Electrolytes
b. chemical 'straightjackets"
c. chemical restraints
d. neurotransmitters
Following the 9/11 attacks, then President George W. Bush proposed the creation of a
new cabinet-level agency called the Department of Homeland Security.
a. True
b. False
It is estimated that revenue generated from adult sites each year is greater than all
movie box office sales and the combined income of ABC, NBC, and CBS.
a. True
b. False
Situational crime prevention suggests that crime prevention can be achieved by
reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes.
a. True
b. False
Routine activities theory has three variables, a lack of capable guardians, motivated
offenders, and an outlet for stolen goods.
a. True
b. False
Before 1996, there was no federal statute that explicitly penalized industrial espionage.
a. True
b. False
At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did
not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give
them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed
over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence.
After 20 years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on
twins separated at birth and adopted by different families. John says that he finds it
difficult to sustain relationships because he was not provided the support and care that
he needed by his adopted mother as an infant. Which theory would best explain John's
predicament?
a. Attachment theory
b. Behavior theory
c. Information-processing theory
d. Nature theory
According to legal scholar, Morris Cohen, why should victimless crimes be criminally
prohibited?
a. Because then moral crusaders would not get to define the law
b. Because victimless crimes are highly immoral just like 'street crimes."
c. Because one of the functions of criminal law is to express the public's shared sense of
morality
d. Because victimless crimes cause social harm and all acts that cause social harm are
criminally prohibited
An act that causes severe pain or suffering, whether physical or psychological, that is
intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining a confession or
information.
a. Torture
b. State anguish
c. Afflict
d. Political torts
According to the conflict view of crime, criminal laws are viewed as acts created to
protect the haves from the have-nots.
a. True
b. False
Biologically oriented therapy is seldom used because it has no beneficial treatment in
the criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
__________ refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders
him or her incapable of resisting or deterring crime.
a. Target vulnerability
b. Group vulnerability
c. Target weakness
d. Vulnerable target
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and
hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when
he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison.
He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
According to the ______________ effect, while in prison for 10 years, Trevor was
prevented from committing further offenses.
a. general deterrence
b. specific deterrence
c. incapacitation
d. rehabilitation
Which of the following is not a basic concern of critical criminologists?
a. The increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law
b. The role the government plays in creating a crimogenic environment
c. The relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
d. The prevalence of bias in justice system operations
Which of the following is not a condition present in a commercial sexual transaction?
a. Activity that has sexual significance for the customer
b. Economic transaction
c. Felonious violence
d. Emotional indifference
Which of the following is not true about burglary?
a. According to the UCR, just over 5 million burglaries now occur each year in the
United States.
b. The legal definition of burglary has undergone considerable change since its
common-law origins.
c. Most residential burglaries occur during the day.
d. Those most likely to be burglarized are poor Hispanic and African American families.
Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand
and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink
and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony,
an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim
accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air.
Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury
convicted Donald of manslaughter.
Assuming Donald's guilt, rehabilitation would begin at what phase of the criminal
justice process?
a. Preliminary hearing
b. Arrest
c. Trial
d. Incarceration
The federal government has actively pursued members of the warez community through
new legislation. Which of the following is one of these acts?
a. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
b. Federal Lautenberg Act
c. RICO Act
d. Copyright Infringement Act
The primary means of income for transnational organized crime groups are by using
force to enter into and maximize profits in legitimate businesses.
a. True
b. False
Repeat offenders usually begin their careers at a very early age.
a. True
b. False
A validity concern associated with the NCVS involves ______.
a. victims overreporting crime
b. its large sample size
c. interviewing household members under the age of 12
d. police officers who fail to disclose crimes in which they are involved
Latent trait theories hold that human development is controlled by a "master trait"
present at birth or soon after.
a. True
b. False
According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was that
______.
a. crime rates increase as police services increase
b. overtime crime rates shift outward from Zones I & II to the suburban zones
c. crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure
d. the number of abandoned buildings decreases as emigration increases
According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose
law-violating behavior mirrors that of their brothers?
a. Paternalistic families
b. Matriarchal families
c. Egalitarian families
d. Capitalist families
Primary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role and produces a deviance
amplification effect.
a. True
b. False
Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression
have been advanced by the long process of human evolution.
a. True
b. False
Critical criminologists believe that economic growth benefits all elements of the
population by spurring job creation and surplus value.
a. True
b. False
Cyberstalking refers to the use of the Internet to steal one's identity for profit.
a. True
b. False
Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and
is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also
travels around the country speaking to crime victims.
Beth conducts a lot of research on children of abuse. According to the published
research on children who are abused, which of the following is not a likely
characteristic of victims?
a. Suffer lower self-esteem
b. Are more suicidal as adults
c. Are abused as adults
d. Have successful careers
