What model of corrections was used at the time Josh was sentenced?
a. The crime-control model
b. The medical model
c. The community-corrections model
d. The Auburn system
The effectiveness of corrections is usually measured by _____________.
a. crime rates
b. rates of recidivism
c. probation rates
d. uniform crime rates
According to the text, a prospective probation officer is expected to have a four-year
degree in criminal justice, social work, or some other related field.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is NOT one of the four substantial forces that are presumed to
be able to help shape the future of the US correctional system?
a. techno-corrections
b. diminishing incarceration rates
c. professionalization
d. evidence-based practice
______________release occurs when the sentencing judge requires a period of
post-custody supervision in the community.
a. Unconditional
b. Discretionary
c. Probation
d. Mandatory
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Mike is housed in an individual cell with his own sink and toilet.
b. Mike is considered minimum custody.
c. Mike is housed in a medical unit.
d. Mike is housed in a unit with female offenders.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major arguments offered to support the
community corrections movement in the United States?
a. Reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to intermediate sanctions.
b. Reduce tax revenues spent on corrections by transferring both the costs and the
funding to less-expensive local correctional facilities.
c. Reduce prison populations in general.
d. Reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to state prisons.
Cody is serving a four-year prison sentence. He has been in and out of custody the vast
majority of his life. Cody states he is tired of his lifestyle and is ready to change how he
lives his life. He reports that his use of drugs and alcohol have driven him to engage in
criminal activity. Cody also has no high school diploma or GED.
If Cody becomes involved in an education and treatment program while in prison with
the goal to better himself upon release, what adaptive role does he fall into?
a. gleaning
b. doing time
c. jailing
d. disorganized criminal
An example of techno-corrections is
a. electronic monitoring.
b. risk assessment.
c. random field trial.
d. bail evaluation.
Inmates who cut themselves off from the outside world and try to construct a life within
the prison are said to be “jailing.”
a. True
b. False
What punishment practice was used in sentencing Cal?
a. transportation
b. lex talionis
c. galley slavery
d. rehabilitation
Local correctional workers are among the most poorly trained employees in the
criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
The idea behind the American jail system was adopted from which country?
a. England
b. France
c. Ireland
d. Spain
Tia was sentenced to thirty years in prison at the age of 21. Her case manager is
working with her to ensure she is maintaining contact with friends and family on the
outside, especially her two young children.
To what special population group does Tia belong?
a. long-term offender
b. mentally ill offender
c. elderly offender
d. sexual-minority offender
The biblical expression “________” is often used to illustrate the underlying premise of
the punishment goal of retribution.
a. sinners never sleep
b. an eye for an eye
c. blood in blood out
d. pound of flesh
Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the
entire US correctional system.
a. True
b. False
Which state currently leads the nation in parole revocations, with a staggering
two-thirds of all parolees returning to prison within three years?
a. New York
b. Texas
c. California
d. Florida
Foster homes, residential centers, and reform schools are examples of
a. institutions for juveniles.
b. employment options for juvenile offenders.
c. places parents can call for advice on parenting.
d. training facilities for juveniles to become more criminal.
The concept of restorative justice is that the punishment should be designed to reform
and rehabilitate the offender.
a. True
b. False
In most institutions, the custodial force has graded ranks similar to
a. the military.
b. the private sector.
c. hospital management.
d. academic institutions.
Chris is an inmate in a maximum security prison. He received a verbal reprimand for
not keeping his cell clean. Two days later, he was found in possession of two cartons of
cigarettes, which are contraband in the prison. The discipline committee sanctioned
Chris by placing him in “the hole” for sixty days. Upon his release from “the hole,” he
was placed in a special unit for his safety as it was believed by the other inmates that
Chris snitched and told prison staff who was smuggling the cigarettes into the prison.
Receiving a verbal reprimand as a consequence for breaking an institution rule is an
example of a
a. minor violation.
b. major violation.
c. poor choice by the correctional officer.
d. abuse of correctional officer power.
____________ evidence-based initiatives are programs that identify the key risk factors
for offending and implement prevention methods in an attempt to counteract offenses
before they occur.
a. Offense-focused
b. Risk-focused
c. Offender-focused
d. Treatment-focused
It is estimated each life sentence costs taxpayers how much?
a. $1 million
b. $2 million
c. $500,000
d. $100,000
Which of the following is not one of the four basic prison designs currently used in the
United States?
a. telephone pole
b. warehouse
c. radial
d. campus style
Originally, probation was mainly used for ______________ offenders.
a. violent
b. drug
c. first-time
d. sex
______________ is known as the founder of what is now referred to as the Classical
School of criminology.
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
Instead of relying on the offense alone to identify the highest-risk juvenile offenders,
other factors in the juvenile’s history should be considered. Which of the following is
NOT one of these important factors?
a. sexual activity
b. drug dealing
c. antisocial parents
d. gang membership
From the earliest accounts of human history, punishment has been used as a means of
______________, forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.
a. public awareness
b. social control
c. social ritual
d. public spectacle
The average incarceration rate from 2000″2010 _____________ from the incarceration
rate in the 1990s
a. did not change
b. decreased dramatically
c. decreased
d. increased
According to the text, Mason’s frustration is due to
a. political schizophrenia.
b. offenders’ attitudes.
c. victims’ demands.
d. his lack of work to do.
Currently, thirty US states have some form of prerelease program designed to prepare
inmates for reentry.
a. True
b. False
The public service work Ryan was ordered to perform is also known as
a. community service.
b. restitution.
c. free labor.
d. fund raising.
In ____________ (1995), Iowa female inmates argued that their equal protection rights
under the Fourteenth Amendment were violated because programs and services were
not at the same level as those provided male inmates. The court ruled against the female
inmates, citing that no invidious discrimination was present.
a. Hutto v. Finney
b. Sandin v. Conner
c. Pargo v. Elliot
d. Wolff v. McDonnell