The Metropolitan Police Act established the first organized police force in London.
a. True
b. False
CASE 14.3
A South Carolina inmate serving a twenty-five-year sentence for second-degree
murder was recently diagnosed as HIV-positive. He had argued for years that he
should be tested and believed the correctional facility did very little to
accommodate this request. Given this information, answer the following questions.
Using the argument that the correctional facility’s denial of his right to be tested for
HIV constituted cruel and unusual punishment, which Amendment did the inmate use
as a basis for a lawsuit?
a. First Amendment
b. Fourth Amendment
c. Seventh Amendment
d. Eighth Amendment
In 2007, the Federal Sentencing Commission revised the guidelines and retroactively
considered reducing sentences for people convicted of crack possession.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is true about the relationship between age and crime?
a. Kids who are persistent offenders begin committing crimes during adolescence.
b. Kids who are persistent offenders continue a stable pattern of offending activities
during lateadolescence.
c. Kids who are persistent offenders begin a rapid acceleration of crime in adulthood.
d. Early starters tend to commit more crimes and are more likely to continue to be
involved incriminality over a longer period of crime.
One criticism of private policing is that it could eventually replace government.
a. True
b. False
The genesis of probation in the United States can be traced back to the efforts of John
Augustus in Boston.
a. True
b. False
The New York House of Refuge was one of the first child-saving programs and was
first opened in 1825.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is true of the exclusionary rule?
a. It does not apply to all state law enforcement authorities.
b. It is a binding rule with no exceptions.
c. It was applied to federal courts before state courts.
d. It guarantees rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Who is not a part of the courtroom work group?
a. Judge
b. Defense attorney
c. Prosecutor
d. Bail bondsman
CASE 7.2
Detective Smith is a fourteen-year police veteran who has been working in internal
affairs for the past four years. He was assigned to internal affairs to investigate
allegations of police misconduct and corruption. While working as a police officer,
he put himself through law school in the evenings and received his law license six
years ago. Although he enjoyed being a road patrol officer, he feels it is more
important to protect the citizens of the community against the few corrupt police
officers who may exist on his police force.
Detective Smith is surprised to learn that his former field training officer often took
bribes to look the other way when he encountered bookmakers arranging bets on local
sporting events. This type of conduct is considered that of a:
a. Grass eater.
b. Candy eater.
c. Meat eater.
d. Beer drinker.
By the end of the 1930s, few prisons required inmates to wear the infamous striped
suits and the code of silence ended.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following was not one of Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles ofpolicing?
a. The basic mission for which the police exist is to make arrests and aid in convictions.
b. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent on public approval of
policeactions.
c. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of
thelaw in order to secure and maintain public respect.
d. Police preserve public favor by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service
to thelaw.
Which of the following crimes would most likely end in a sentence of a fine only?
a. Murder
b. Burglary
c. Public intoxication
d. Assault
A local police department is noticing that there is an increase in the number of
serious felonies that arebeing committed. The department forms a task force to
assess the extent of the problem. Officers from thedetective bureau, the vice squad,
and the crime analysis division meet to discuss the problem and begininvestigating
these crimes.
Another officer expresses that those committing these crimes are probably doing so as
an expression offrustration and anger created by social inequality. In his view, what is
needed?
a. Crime control
b. Due process
c. Nonintervention
d. Rehabilitation
Bail has been criticized as discriminatory because poor individuals are less likely to be
able to afford to posting bail.
a. True
b. False
“Punks,” refers to the troublemaker inmates who cause problems for elder inmates by
failing to follow the inmate code.
a. True
b. False
Children who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an
early ageare the most at risk to repeat offending.
a. True
b. False
CASE 11.3
Trent Jones, a 42-year-old black war veteran with no prior criminal arrests, is
arrested in Texas for the premeditated murder of his neighbor, Jeffery Bella,
following months of disagreement between the two men. On the night in question,
Mr. Jones hid behind bushes in Mr. Bella’s driveway, waited for Mr. Bella to exit,
and shot him five times in the chest in front of his wife and two children. Given
this information, answer the following questions.
If at the sentencing hearing, Mr. Bella’s wife is allowed to speak and direct her
comments toward her husband’s killer this is called a:
a. Victim impact statement.
b. Victim diversion program.
c. Exculpatory statement.
d. Court-appointed victim advocacy.
One of the most widely advertised standardized tests used to predict failure and
assigned treatment for probationers is:
a. Level of Service-Revised (LSI-R).
b. Wechsler Primary Scale of Probation (WPSP).
c. Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS).
d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
The use of deadly force to apprehend an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon is a
violation of the Fourth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is an attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted
offenders in society rather than in a secure facility?
a. Shock incarceration
b. Community reformatory model
c. Community treatment
d. Societal acclimation
Creating a feeling of security is one of the major purposes of police patrol.
a. True
b. False
The Supreme Court, in the case of Newspapers Inc v. Virginia (1980) concluded that
criminal trials must stay open to the press.
a. True
b. False
In terms of jail, the current rate of incarceration is about 500 inmates for every 100,000
U.S. citizens.
a. True
b. False
The Juvenile Court Act of 1899 set up an independent court to handle criminal law
violations by children under 16 years of age as well as created:
a. A probation department to monitor youth.
b. Educational opportunities for wayward youth.
c. Juvenile magistrates to handle violent crimes.
d. Singular holding cells for children instead of being housed with adults.
Target hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention.
a. True
b. False
An appointed elected member of the practicing bar who is responsible for bringing the
state’s case against the accused is the:
a. Defendant.
b. Prosecutor.
c. Magistrate.
d. Defense attorney.
Before 1960, few women were in prison and women’s prisons were relatively rare.
a. True
b. False
CASE 2.3
Mary, a student at a community college in New York, is in the United States on a
student visa that allows her to remain in the United States until she obtains her
master’s degree in biology. She is considering returning to her home country
because she is concerned with the increase in crime at her college and in the
surrounding area. Mary attempts to find information on the crime rates in her
hometown to compare to those in the city where she currently attends college.
Mary was a crime victim once in the three years that she has been in the United States.
Afemale acquaintance assaulted Mary while Mary was out celebrating her birthday at a
local barwith some friends. The offender was drunk and became agitated when she
thought that Maryhad taken her seat. With regard to female criminality, all of the
following are true except:
a. Female sex hormones account for more aggressive female behavior.
b. Females are socialized to avoid being violent and aggressive.
c. Female criminals are troubled, alienated at home, and pursue crime as a means
ofcompensating for their disrupted personal lives.
d. Girls have been found to be superior to boys in verbal ability, which enable them to
diffuseconflict more easily.
Courts have ruled that as long as there is a legal basis for making an arrest,officers may
do so, even in cases in which they are motivated by a desire to gather evidence ofother
suspected crimes.
a. True
b. False
The principle that a suspect can be questioned in the field without a Miranda warning
ifthe information the police seek is needed to protect public safety is called the:
a. Miranda exclusion law.
b. Public safety doctrine.
c. Principle of least eligibility.
d. Consent search doctrine.
CASE 15.3
A 16-year-old female is arrested for the third time in a two-year period for
possession of drugs, curfew violations, and obstruction of justice for lying to police.
Given this information, answer the following questions.
Because she threatened to kill herself after her third arrest, the court ruled that which
temporary care of a delinquent who may harm herself be given?
a. Custodial care
b. Detention
c. Reformatory housing
d. Civil abatement
Explain the five unifying principles associated with evidence-based justice and provide
examples of each.
_____________ crimes include offenses such as selling narcotics to obtain access to
goods andservices that are otherwise unobtainable.
In Morris v. Slappy (1983), the courts ruled that the _____________________
Amendment does not require a “meaningful” relationship between counsel and his or
her client.
Summarize the arguments for and against capital punishment. What is your opinion on
capital punishment? Provide at least two examples of empirical evidence that supports
your opinion.
Answer:Answers will vary.
The __________________________ view asserts that the death penalty is just as it is
mentioned in the Bible.
A ________________ sentence is a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be
set and carried out in all cases upon conviction for a specified offense.
Assuming that traits conducive to crime are biologically inherited, what are some
possible ethical concerns with continuing research?
Answer:Answers will vary.
_____________________________ occurs when the terms of probation are violated
and an offender is sent to prison.
Define pretrial services and explain in detail how the process is used in the American
court system.
Answer:Answers will vary.
__________________ is the action of the grand jury not to indict a suspect.
In cohesive communities, _________ may develop.This is characterized by mutual
trust, a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children, and the maintenance of
public order.
The early English prison reformer who called for more sanitary and secure prisons was
_______________.
Explain some of the benefits of pretrial services.
Answer:Answers will vary.
According to labeling theorists, the use of social or physical restraints such as
handcuffs, incarceration, or a criminal record are examples of ____________________
ceremonies, believed to leave a lasting impression on the accused.
How does CompStat compare to intelligence-led policing?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Of the various innovative policing strategies discussed in the text,
Community-orientedPolicing, Problem-oriented Policing, Intelligence-led Policing, and
CompStat, which do you thinkis most effective and why?
Answer:Answers will vary.