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The idea that groups in society have fundamental differences and that those in power
control societal elements, including law, is most consistent with:
a. the pluralist paradigm
b. the conflict paradigm
c. the consensus paradigm
d. the repressive paradigm
Criticism of super max prisons include:
a. little human contact
b. little or no exercise
c. inmates being sent there who do not fit the criteria
d. all of the these are criticisms
Force is defined as:
a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance
c. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual
d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role
According to Fyfe and Kane, conduct-related probationary failures is:
a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination
b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit
c. simple failure to meet job expectations
d. violating one or more departmental rules
In terms of prosecutorial misconduct, Aronson and McMurtrie discussed the presence
of all of the following elements EXCEPT:
a. cognitive dissonance
b. belief perseverance
c. selective information processing
d. emotional concord
According to the _________________ standard, evidence must be from a reliable
scientific methodology.
a. Nix
b. Massey
c. Daubert
d. Brady
Instead of the above scenarios, the new government institutes a policy that allows all
adult citizens to vote for representatives who will make new laws and serve in
government. This describes:
a. the conflict paradigm
b. the consensus paradigm
c. the pluralist paradigm
d. the Marxist paradigm
A study of police ethics around the world revealed that in the United States, the offense
considered most serious by the officers surveyed was:
a. accepting bribes
b. accepting kickbacks
c. stealing from a crime scene
d. lying under oath
The legal basis for civil commitment can be found in the Supreme Court decision of:
a. Furman v. Georgia
b. Roper v. Simmons
c. Atkins v. Virginia
d. Kansas v. Hendricks
Von Hirsch's conceptualization that the punishment of the individual should be purely
retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime is embodied in the:
a. treatment model
b. justice model
c. incapacitation model
d. restitution model
Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because:
a. officers don"t make much money.
b. they cement social bonds.
c. they are in payment for special services.
d. they are without cost.
The judge has determined that John is not to be held responsible because he (John)
lacks:
a. wholesight.
b. discretion.
c. a proper value system.
d. free will.
In this case, the FBI was under intense scrutiny from the public, which demanded a
resolution to the investigation. This public pressure may have led to the premature
naming of a suspect. When investigators are committed to a conclusion, they may be
tempted to engage in "____________" corruption and alter evidence to ensure a
conviction.
a. blue-curtain
b. reactive
c. pretext
d. noble-cause
There are two basic philosophies regarding how to apply constitutional principles:
a. the interpretationists and activists
b. the activists and federalists
c. the federalists and strict constructionists
d. the strict constructionists and the interpretationists
A group called _________________ was formed at Salinas Valley Prison when inmates
who had injured officers in a disturbance were then beaten by the officers in turn.
a. "The Christmas Party"
b. "The Green Wall"
c. "The Wall of Pain"
d. "The Salinas Tribunals"
According to the text, which of the following statements about judicial misconduct is
false?
a. Public exposes of judicial misconduct are fairly rare.
b. There is a concern that judges and lawyers play to the camera when these are
permitted in court.
c. In general, judges who are more concerned with their public image than maintaining
the judicial integrity of their office may make biased decisions.
d. Judicial misconduct is more likely to take place in criminal rather than civil cases.
Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for:
a. absolutism
b. relativism
c. formalism
d. pluralism
According to the text, the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma is:
a. identify of potential values involved
b. review all the facts
c. identify all possible moral dilemmas
d. interview all those involved
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Parole board members or their designees make decisions regarding release
b. Probation officers write presentence reports to help judges decide sentences
c. Probation and parole officers have the authority and power to recommend revocation
d. Parole officers generally deal with younger, less serious offenders than probation
officers.
The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are
relative or are universal is known as:
a. normative ethics
b. applied ethics
c. forensic ethics
d. meta-ethics
An important distinction between a gift and a gratuity is that a gift is:
a. clearly given with expectations of reciprocity
b. clearly given with no strings attached
c. something that can only be given to an off duty police officer
d. something that is received from someone recently arrested
If honesty or physical fitness are important to you, these traits would be:
a. Duties
b. Values
c. Morals
d. Superogatories
Which of Kohlberg's moral stages has an interpersonal concordance orientation?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
Which of the following is not an example of an imperfect duty?
a. a duty to be honest
b. a duty to be generous
c. a duty to take your life
d. a duty to help the poor
Hallmarks of community justice models include the following except:
a. The process of justice employs local leadership, is informal, and invites participation
from community members.
b. The goal is to repair the harm done to a community member by another community
member in a way that will restore the health of the community relationship.
c. The authority of the justice giver is through the customs and traditions accepted by all
members.
d. The punishment imposed by the community should be of equal or greater severity
than the crime itself.
Ethical formalism is most consistent with a ______ form of punishment.
a. Utilitarian
b. Retributive
c. Preventative
d. Incapacitative
You try to convince opponents to support your proposed law by pointing out that
sometimes it is the job of government and the law to do what is best for people, even if
they may not want to do it for themselves. Your description is an example of:
a. ethical formalism
b. utilitarianism
c. legal moralism
d. legal paternalism
The public defender, presentation of charges, and the discovery process were all
elements of _______________, which is guaranteed by the Constitution.
a. restoration
b. due process
c. utilitarianism
d. impartiality
Kirchmeier and colleagues discuss four types of prosecutorial misconduct, which of the
following is not one of these four types?
a. withholding exculpatory evidence
b. misusing pretrial publicity
c. resigning from a difficult case
d. using false evidence in court
Which of the following is not a motivation for prosecutors to offer a plea bargain?
a. The victim's wishes
b. The strength or weakness of the evidence
c. The fact that prosecutors are paid more when they take a case through trial
d. Public interest in the case
In ______________________, the Supreme Court ruled against a prosecutor who
objected to misconduct occurring in the office where he worked.
a. Diaz v. Bush
b. Garcetti v. Ceballos
c. Purkett v. Elem
d. Batson v. Martinez
We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior
significantly:
a. threatens nature
b. affects others
c. deviates from the norm
d. corrupts the social order
_________________________ are "paper-and-pencil" tests that measure an individual's
ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms.
The term ____________________ was used by the Knapp Commission to describe
NYC police officers who were taking bribes, gratuities, and unsolicited protection
money and who were fairly passive in their deviant practices.
Compare the natural law system with religion.
Answer:answer not provided
As of 2011, the trend regarding capital punishment was toward increasing support of
the death penalty.
List and briefly describe an alternative approach to misconduct and corruption that is
not based upon punishment.
Answer:answer not provided
Briefly explain how men and women differ in their moral development, according to
the research presented in the text..
Answer:answer not provided
Discuss the difference between on-duty and off-duty misbehavior by police,
distinguishing between police corruption and police crime.
Answer:answer not provided
Klockars' concept of ___________________ refers situations in which the police
office's lie is in the best interest of those being lied to.
List and describe some forms of corruption committed by CO's.
Answer:answer not provided
The Supreme Court has ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute someone who
committed their crime when they were under 18 years old.
Several of the authors of the Bill of Rights were _______________ law theorists.
__________________________ is a profession involved in the 'scientific discipline
directed to the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical
evidence by the application of the natural sciences to law-science matters."
Transparency International finds that the country with the highest integrity scores for
their law enforcement agencies include the United States.
Using words that downplay the seriousness of our actions is an example of
________________________.
Discuss the arguments against and supporting relativism. Do the same for absolutism.
Answer:answer not provided
According to Scheingold, the values of police subculture are like dominant American
values, only they are more extreme.
