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True / False
1. Personal lifestyles do not influence exposure to victimization.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The tangible costs of crime are large.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Victims are generally to blame for the crime that occurred against them
a.
True
b.
False
4. The intangible costs of crime are small.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Fear of crime is the greatest in urban areas.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Reduction in crime rates reduces the fear of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Wealthy people are better able to take measures to protect themselves from some types of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Television feeds our fear of crime
a.
True
b.
False
9. Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Classical criminology argues that criminal behavior is irrational.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Cesare Lombroso’s medical training led him to believe that certain people are born criminals.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Freud proposed a psychoanalytic theory that crime is caused by unconscious drives and forces.
a.
True
b.
False
14. A state of anomie is where rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Emilie Durkheim believed that crime was an unnatural part of social life.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Most theories about crime are based on men.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Similar to men, women who engage in criminal activity disproportionately come from poor families.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Marxism is an example of social conflict theory.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Labeling is an example of a social process theory.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Theories of crime causation do not affect laws and crime policies.
a.
True
b.
False
23. If crime is learned behavior, then policies to promote stable families should exist.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Wilson and Herrnstein’s book Crime and Human Nature (1985) argued that certain biological factors such as sex, age,
body type, and intelligence predispose some people to crime.
a.
True
b.
False
25. Repetitive victimization refers to individuals who are victimized by crime more than once during a relatively brief
period of time.
a.
True
b.
False
26. Crime has many kinds of costs, including economic, psychological, and emotional.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Low-income city dwellers tend not to be the victims of crime as much as wealthy city-dwellers because thieves target
those with wealth.
a.
True
b.
False
28. Public opinion polls indicate that as many as 60% of Americans are afraid to walk in their neighborhoods at
night.
a.
True
b.
False
29. The Justice for All Act of 2004 created legislative guarantees of victim rights in eight different categories.
a.
True
b.
False
30. Crime victims may not file lawsuits against the offenders who injured them.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Cesare Lombroso postulated that physical traits distinguish criminals as a feature of the biological explanation of
crime.
a.
True
b.
False
32. "Criminal behavior is rational" is a view held by those supporting a biological explanation of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
33. As the status of women changes some believe that the women will commit more crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
34. According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following groups is most likely to be victimized because of
where they live and how they spend their leisure time?
a.
Elderly white females
b.
Elderly white males
c.
Elderly black females
d.
Young black males
e.
Young white males
35. According to your text, which of the following statements best reflects racial victim crime statistics?
a.
Most violent crime is interracial.
b.
Whites are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
c.
Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
d.
African Americans and other minorities are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
36. According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following does not affect victimization?
a.
Exposure
b.
Associations
c.
Lifestyle
d.
Self-control
37. Crime in poor areas is always
a.
high.
b.
low.
c.
moderate.
d.
affected by many factors.
38. According to the recent statistics, the highest percentage of Americans fears/worries about in terms of personal
victimization is:
a.
mugging.
b.
murder.
c.
identity theft.
d.
terrorism.
39. Which of the following is true about crime in America?
a.
Crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
b.
Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
c.
Crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
d.
Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
40. The fear of crime is greatest in
a.
rural areas.
b.
suburban areas.
c.
urban areas.
d.
the workplace.
41. The fear of crime is fed by
a.
television.
b.
news media.
c.
personal communication in social networks.
d.
All of the above feed the fear of crime.
42. Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?
a.
Criminal behavior is rational.
b.
People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
c.
Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
d.
Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.
43. Which type of criminology uses science to study the body, mind, and environment of the offender?
a.
Classical
b.
Neoclassical
c.
Positivist
d.
Victimology
44. If a person is defined as criminogenic, this means that he or she
a.
became a criminal as an adult.
b.
was born a criminal.
c.
became a criminal as a result of a traumatic experience.
d.
will never become a criminal.
45. ______________ explanations view the cause of criminal behavior from a mental condition, a personality disturbance,
or limited intellect
a.
Biological
b.
Psychological
c.
Criminogenic
d.
Sociological
46. Which stage of life is the most significant in Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality?
a.
Fetal development
b.
Early childhood
c.
Early adulthood
d.
Middle age
47. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory focuses on
a.
adult experiences causing criminal behavior.
b.
social explanations of crime.
c.
biological explanations of crime.
d.
unconscious drives and forces explaining crime.
48. Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from a(n)
a.
overdeveloped id.
b.
perfectly developed ego.
c.
underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego.
d.
underdeveloped or overdeveloped ego.
49. A ________ explanation of criminal acts argues that being a member of a social group shapes behavior.
a.
biological
b.
psychological
c.
sociological
d.
physiological
50. ________ theory, a type of social process theory, stresses that social links keep people in line with accepted norms.
a.
Labeling
b.
Learning
c.
Control
d.
Normal
51. Which theory contains the idea that any person, regardless of education, class, or upbringing, can become a criminal?
a.
Biological theory
b.
Social process theory
c.
Social conflict theory
d.
Social structure theory
52. Who created the theory of differential association?
a.
Sigmund Freud
b.
James Q. Wilson
c.
Cesare Lombroso
d.
Edwin Sutherland
53. Which theory views family and peers as primary influences on criminal activity?
a.
Control theory
b.
Labeling theory
c.
Learning theory
d.
Conflict theory
54. What are the three social process theories?
a.
Learning, control, and labeling
b.
Biological, psychological, and sociological
c.
Id, ego, and superego
d.
Critical, radical, and Marxist
55. Which theory involves the use of the criminal law to control society’s poor and have-nots?
a.
Social conflict
b.
Learning
c.
Social structure
d.
Labeling
56. Which theorist argued that the women’s movement increased the role of women in criminal activity?
a.
Sigmund Freud
b.
Freda Adler
c.
Edwin Sutherland
d.
Richard Herrnstein
57. Prior to the 1970s, why was it assumed that women did not commit serious crimes?
a.
Women were not physically strong enough.
b.
Women were assumed to be very dependent and nurturing.
c.
Women were not given the opportunities to commit serious crimes.
d.
Women were too intelligent.
58. In relation to men, women commit _____ crime.
a.
more
b.
the same amount of
c.
less
d.
more violent
59. Most women criminals come from __________ families.
a.
upper-class
b.
middle-class
c.
lower-class
d.
upper-middle-class
60. What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?
a.
The gender gap, and the differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
b.
The fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious crimes
c.
The role of victimization in offending, and the disparate treatment of minority offenders
d.
The income inequality between men and women, and the fact that women are more likely to live with their
children
