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True / False
1. Throughout the history of the United States, ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The Quakers of Pennsylvania were instrumental in prison reform.
a.
True
b.
False
4. A basic principle of the Pennsylvania System was an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Under the New York System, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Prior to the 19th century, female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The rehabilitation model of corrections involved recommendations regarding behavior changes from social scientists.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Correctional goals and methods are never influenced by social and political values.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The federal government provides all of the funding for American prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
10. All states run their prisons in an identical manner.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Almost one-half of the incarcerated population is comprised of women.
a.
True
b.
False
12. About half of incarcerated persons are men.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Private prisons are a billion-dollar industry.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Private prisons are less flexible than state prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
16. There is no “real difference” between jails and prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Jails house persons awaiting trial, or who have been sentenced to less than 1 year of incarceration.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Jails are operated locally by elected officials.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Jails are typically populated with poorly educated and low-income people.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Jails are predominately filled with women.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Throughout most of the 20th century, the number of persons incarcerated either declined or remained stable.
a.
True
b.
False
22. The states in the northeast part of the United States have shown the largest increase in prison populations.
a.
True
b.
False
23. One explanation for the increase in the incarceration rate in the 1990s was the increase in the number of arrests.
a.
True
b.
False
24. The War on Drugs has drastically reduced drug use.
a.
True
b.
False
25. With the incarcerated population more than quadrupling during the past 30 years, it is surprising that the number of
parolees has decreased.
a.
True
b.
False
26. Parolees have a limited right to an attorney than do probationers.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Police do not need to show reasonable suspicion to search a parolee.
a.
True
b.
False
28. In recent years the Supreme Court has been even more supportive of expanding prisoners’ rights.
a.
True
b.
False
29. Courts have required decent treatment and minimum health standards for prisoners, making it unconstitutional for
officials to show deliberate indifference.
a.
True
b.
False
30. It is not permissible for prison officials to place a ban on mail correspondence between prisoners in different facilities.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Cooper v. Pate (1964) signaled the end of the “hands-off” policy.
a.
True
b.
False
32. After the 1960s, most courts maintained a “hands-off” policy with respect to corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
33. The Declaration of Principles urged that prisons should operate according to a philosophy of inmate punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
34. The period of history when philosophers and reformers challenged the prison tradition with new ideas about the
individual, limits of government, and rationalism was called the
a.
Enlightenment.
b.
Renaissance.
c.
Civil War.
d.
Reconstruction.
35. Which of the following signaled a new round of reform in prisons by focusing on the goal of punishment as the moral
regeneration of criminals?
a.
Cincinnati Declaration of Principles
b.
Declaration of Independence
c.
New York Declaration of Prisons
d.
Pennsylvania Declaration of Penology
36. Where in the United States were the first penitentiaries located?
a.
New Jersey and Pennsylvania
b.
New York and New Jersey
c.
New York and Pennsylvania
d.
Nevada and Pennsylvania
37. The penitentiary system that developed in ________kept inmates in isolation from other inmates.
a.
Boston, Massachusetts,
b.
Pennsylvania,
c.
Elmira, New York,
d.
Virginia,
38. What system held prisoners in isolation at night and made them work with fellow prisoners in shops during the day?
a.
Medical
b.
Congregate
c.
Separate confinement
d.
Crime control
39. During the 19th century, which of the following was not a principle that guided female prison reform?
a.
The separation of women prisoners from men
b.
The provision of care in keeping with the needs of women
c.
The management of women’s prisons by female staff
d.
Making female prisons decidedly “female institutions”
40. A model that was based on the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the
community is referred to as the ________ model.
a.
congregate
b.
medical
c.
rehabilitation
d.
community corrections
41. Which model makes greater use of incarceration, longer sentences, mandatory sentences, and strict supervision of
probationers and parolees?
a.
Congregate model
b.
Medical model
c.
Rehabilitation model
d.
Crime control model
42. Correctional programs are operated by which level of government?
a.
Federal only
b.
Federal and state only
c.
State and county only
d.
Federal, state, and county
43. Which of the following is true in comparing federal prisoners with state prisoners?
a.
Federal prisoners are more often violent offenders.
b.
Federal prisoners are convicted for the same types of crimes as state prisoners.
c.
Federal prisoners are less likely to be foreigners.
d.
Federal prisoners disproportionately comprise drug offenders.
44. Which of the following best describes the organization of corrections in the United States?
a.
Centralized
b.
Fragmented
c.
Unified
d.
Nationalized
45. At the federal level, probation officers are appointed by which of the following?
a.
President
b.
Congress
c.
Federal judiciary
d.
Attorney General
46. The organization of corrections in the United States leaves the primary responsibility for administering prisons with
the
a.
states.
b.
United Nations.
c.
regional governing associations.
d.
towns.
47. In all states, the administration of prisons is
a.
part of the executive branch.
b.
part of the legislative branch.
c.
part of the judicial branch.
d.
jointly run by executive and international branches.
48. The central idea of the community corrections approach is the _____ restrictive alternative.
a.
most
b.
least
c.
average
d.
“supermax”
49. State correctional facilities are classified according to the
a.
size of the prison population.
b.
level of security.
c.
race of the prisoners.
d.
geographic characteristics of the area.
50. Which of the following is true about privately run prisons?
a.
Private prisons are regarded as more costly.
b.
Private prisons are regarded as unreliable.
c.
The profit incentive can interfere with the quality of service.
d.
Private prisons do not have to comply with the standards of federal agencies.
51. Jails are administered locally by
a.
private citizens who volunteer.
b.
appointed civil servants.
c.
elected officials.
d.
off-duty police officers.
52. The primary function of jails is to
a.
hold persons for less than 1 year.
b.
hold persons for more than 1 year.
c.
hold persons for more than 5 years.
d.
avoid the stigma of prison.
53. What type of policy did federal courts generally maintain with respect to rights of prisoners prior to the 1960s?
a.
“Hands-on”—active intervention for many rights
b.
“Hands-off”—rarely recognize any rights for prisoners
c.
Intervention for freedom of speech only
d.
Intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only
54. For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide
protection?
a.
Freedom of speech
b.
Freedom of religion
c.
Right against unreasonable search and seizure
d.
Right against cruel and unusual punishment
55. In which case did the Supreme Court rule that police do not need to show reasonable suspicion to search a parolee?
a.
Monell v. Department of Social Services for the City of New York (1978)
b.
Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
c.
Samson v. California (2006)
d.
Cooper v. Pate (1964)
56. Prisoners in _____ typically spend up to 23 hours per day in their cells.
a.
maximum security
b.
supermaximum security
c.
minimum security
d.
boot camps
57. Prisoners’ right to due process requires that they
a.
be allowed to conduct religious services.
b.
be given food and medical care.
c.
have access to television and recreation.
d.
have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions.
58. The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to
prisoners based on all of the following except:
a.
race.
b.
gender.
c.
religion.
d.
sexual orientation.
59. Which of the following is true concerning prison rates in Europe compared with rates in the United States?
a.
Europe and the United States have similar incarceration rates.
b.
Europe has a higher incarceration rate.
c.
The United States has a higher incarceration rate.
d.
Europe and the United States have identical incarceration rates.
60. Which of the following factors is not among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth in
the prison population?
a.
Tougher sentencing
b.
Prison construction
c.
The War on Drugs
d.
The dramatic increase in the crime rate over the past two decades
61. Which of the following are not subject to deportation if arrested?
a.
Illegal immigrants
b.
Sentenced illegal immigrants
c.
Sentenced legal immigrants
d.
The dependents of illegal immigrants
62. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan’s declaration against drugs was referred to as the
a.
“Attack on Drugs”
b.
“War on Drugs”
c.
“Battle against Drugs”
d.
“Crusade against Drugs”
63. Which of the following is true concerning crime rates and the prison population since 1991?
a.
Crime rates and the prison population are both declining.
b.
Crime rates and the prison population are both increasing.
c.
Crime rates and the prison population are both stable.
d.
Crime rates are decreasing and the prison population is increasing.
